2010-36-0001 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: Development of Composite Material the Base of Scrapes of Tires and Latex for Thermal Isolation in Vehicles
Autoria: ELMO THIAGO LINS CÖURAS FORD
Resumo: Now the great majority of the applications of thermal isolation in the strip of drops and averages temperatures (up to 180ºC), it is made being used from aggressive materials to the nature such an as: glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, EPS among others. Such materials, in spite of the effectiveness in the retention of the flow of heat, possess considerable cost and when discarded they are long years to be to decompose. In that context, trying to adapt the world politics the about of the preservation of the environment, a study began with intention of developing a material composite, with properties of thermal, originating from insulating industrial residues. For that, composite the base of it scrapes of tire and latex seeking to be applied for thermal isolation in "hot" systems (up to 180ºC). The results obtained experimentally they proved that the composite, it can be used for isolation ends in warm surfaces, in the strip of temperature of 180ºC as it can be observed analyzing the gradients of temperatures.
2010-36-0001 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: Development of Composite Material the Base of Scrapes of Tires and Latex for Thermal Isolation in Vehicles
Autoria: ELMO THIAGO LINS CÖURAS FORD
Resumo: Now the great majority of the applications of thermal isolation in the strip of drops and averages temperatures (up to 180ºC), it is made being used from aggressive materials to the nature such an as: glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, EPS among others. Such materials, in spite of the effectiveness in the retention of the flow of heat, possess considerable cost and when discarded they are long years to be to decompose. In that context, trying to adapt the world politics the about of the preservation of the environment, a study began with intention of developing a material composite, with properties of thermal, originating from insulating industrial residues. For that, composite the base of it scrapes of tire and latex seeking to be applied for thermal isolation in "hot" Page 2 of 13 systems (up to 180ºC). The results obtained experimentally they proved that the composite, it can be used for isolation ends in warm surfaces, in the strip of temperature of 180ºC as it can be observed analyzing the gradients of temperatures.
2010-36-0002 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Neuron-Fuzzy Planner for a Parallel Parking Maneuver of a Differential Robot
Autoria: PAULO AFONSO COPPI AQUINO DE OLIVEIRA
Resumo: In the automotive area, mobile robot theory with artificial intelligence had demonstrated an incredible potential and interest of several researchers that are involved on the issue of board intelligent systems on passenger cars to perform daily jobs as, navigation without collision, control vehicle speed, parking, etc. This paper will present a path planner using a neural controller trained based on potential fields, in order to determine the trajectory and a fuzzy controller to determine the differential robot kinematics for the parallel parking maneuver task. A simulator presents the neural network training and the fuzzy logic application, from any initial point. The trajectory results can be compared with the theory and the vehicle kinematics can be verified trough the simulator.
2010-36-0002 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Neuron-Fuzzy Planner for a Parallel Parking Maneuver of a Differential Robot
Autoria:
Resumo: In the automotive area, mobile robot theory with artificial intelligence had demonstrated an incredible potential and interest of several researchers that are involved on the issue of board intelligent systems on passenger cars to perform daily jobs as, navigation without collision, control vehicle speed, parking, etc. This paper will present a path planner using a neural controller trained based on potential fields, in order to determine the trajectory and a fuzzy controller to determine the differential robot kinematics for the parallel parking maneuver task. A simulator presents the neural network training and the fuzzy logic application, from any initial point. The trajectory results can be compared with the theory and the vehicle kinematics can be verified trough the simulator.
2010-36-0004 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Utilization of Finite Element Analysis to Develop Automotive Components
Autoria: LUIZ CARLOS HERNANDES RICARDO
Resumo: The finite element method (FEM) is used daily in the automotive industry for such purposes as reducing the time of product development and improving the design based on analysis results, followed by later validation by tests in the laboratory and on the proving ground. This paper will present some the methodology used to develop automotive components by finite element analysis, including procedures to specialize FEM models to obtain quantitative and qualitative results for systems such as body, chassis, and suspension components, as well as validation of the models by experimental data.
2010-36-0005 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Development of a Bench Durability Test to the Exhaust Attachment System
Autoria: SAMUEL ELIAS FERREIRA
Resumo: For many years durability tests engineers have worked in the sense of improve the tests that, at first, were performed using public roads with high time consumption and low reproducibility. Proving grounds were specially designed to reproduce the most important efforts to the body and chassis systems, but time problem was still there. Time and cost reduction allied to the needs of quality, reliability and reproducibility improvement led the engineers to develop methods and equipments to reproduce the durability tests into the lab. In this way appeared the road simulators as a powerful tool able to perform durability tests with high reliability, self-controlled and with very low time compared to the road tests. At this scenery bench tests were also created to components and systems mainly used to anticipate problems before a whole vehicle test. A greater number of bench tests are performed using constant amplitude sinusoidal signals based on a statistical study of efforts on a component or system covering the related variables. However, at the real world, loads come into the vehicle through the suspension not follow any sequence and are presents in a random form varying from tension to compression with infinity of amplitudes, frequency and cycle average values. Bench tests improvement pass through to put in consideration the inherent random phenomenon. Besides, bench tests must be damage equivalent and be able to reproduce the failure observed at the road. The main purpose of the work was developed a durability bench test to the body region where the exhaust vehicle system is attached. This test should be correlated in damage and failure with the road, to be used as a reliable alternative to evaluate durability behavior of this body region. At end, results from road and bench test were compared.
2010-36-0005 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Development of a Bench Durability Test to the Exhaust Attachment System
Autoria:
Resumo: For many years durability tests engineers have worked in the sense of improve the tests that, at first, were performed using public roads with high time consumption and low reproducibility. Proving grounds were specially designed to reproduce the most important efforts to the body and chassis systems, but time problem was still there. Time and cost reduction allied to the needs of quality, reliability and reproducibility improvement led the engineers to develop methods and equipments to reproduce the durability tests into the lab. In this way appeared the road simulators as a powerful tool able to perform durability tests with high reliability, self-controlled and with very low time compared to the road tests. At this scenery bench tests were also created to components and systems mainly used to anticipate problems before a whole vehicle test. A greater number of bench tests are performed using constant amplitude sinusoidal signals based on a statistical study of efforts on a component or system covering the related variables. However, at the real world, loads come into the vehicle through the suspension not follow any sequence and are presents in a random form varying from tension to compression with infinity of amplitudes, frequency and cycle average values. Bench tests improvement pass through to put in consideration the inherent random phenomenon. Besides, bench tests must be damage equivalent and be able to reproduce the failure observed at the road. The main purpose of the work was developed a durability bench test to the body region where the exhaust vehicle system is attached. This test should be correlated in damage and failure with the road, to be used as a reliable alternative to evaluate durability behavior of this body region. At end, results from road and bench test were compared.
2010-36-0007 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: PERFORMACE OF POLYMERIC REINFORCEMENTS IN VEHICULAR STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO IMPACTS
Autoria: ANDRÉ TAKASHI MATSUMOTO
Resumo: The objective of this work is to show the application of structural reinforcements made of polymeric material PA66, through finite element simulations in the field of vehicle safety. These reinforcements are designed with the aim of increasing the rigidity of regions with large deformations, stabilizing sections of the vehicle that work as load path during the impact. The impact cases studied were those which will be adopted by CONTRAN in 2012 and already adopted by other standards of great importance for the occupant safety, such as ECE-R94. Simulations were performed in the softwares LS-Dyna ® and MADYMO ® for frontal impact in ODB at 56km/h configuration, considering the application of reinforcement. The simulations showed a 70% reduction in A pillar deformation; 65% reduction in the deformation of the steering column and a reduction of approximately 59% in the legs and feet of the occupant. The level of occupant injuries were analyzed by MADYMO ® software, and a reduction of 23.5% in the chest compression and 80% in the tibia compression were verified. Such conditions lead the safety of an occupant of the vehicle with reinforcements in a collision event according to the standard.
2010-36-0008 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Electrical Load Analysis Optimization for Aircraft Electrical System Sizing
Autoria: THIAGO JOSÉ LIMA
Resumo: Certification requirements and system regulation norms are used in the analysis of electrical system sizing. Technologies that promises helping in development of more efficient electrical systems are identified. Possible achievable reductions are estimated, leading to the confirmation that the actual design process produces oversized electrical systems.
2010-36-0013 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Influence of free space from rigid under hood components to bonnet external surface in Pedestrian Injuries when impacted by vehicles
Autoria: ANDERSON SIROLLI FERREIRA
Resumo: Hood development of internal structures in vehicles is an important alternative to minimize the injuries to pedestrians in case of a running over accident. In fact, according to Berg et al (2002), about 17% of head impacts occur on the hood. Moreover, according to Farooq and Schuster (2003), 62% of fatal injuries are caused by head trauma. This study focus on evaluate the influence of free space between the hood and rigid components, considering cut out hood inner panel design, which is one of the geometries most commonly used by auto industries. The major advantage of this structure is its weight, leading, however, to small stiffness. Injuries to the head of a pedestrian is measured through a finite element model, in accordance with the European Committee for improvement in vehicle safety. There are several ways to measure the damage caused by the deceleration of the head. Here, the measure HIC (Head Injury Criteria), created by the NHTSA (National Highway Transport Safety Association) in 1971, is chosen, since it is still the most used and recommended method in the literature. Finally, the analyses of the numerical results lead to practical suggestions for auto industry.
2010-36-0014 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Dynamic Model of the Roller Float Condition in One-Way Clutch (OWC) Applied to Motorcycle Engine Starters
Autoria: ALVARO CANTO MICHELOTTI
Resumo: In motorcycle engine starter the rotation of an electric motor (starter motor) is transmitted to the crankshaft to allow engine start up; as the engine starts, the rotation of the crankshaft should not be transmitted to the electric motor armature to avoid system failure due to the high rotational speed of the internal combustion engine. In order to obtain this function the starter system has a one-way clutch (OWC) assembled between the crankshaft and the driven gear that is rotated by the starter motor. The OWC assembly is held in position by the armature shaft of the electric starter motor. Considering the OWC dynamic performance the study of the roller float condition can improve product durability by avoiding excessive contact between roller and race, the components responsible for the torque transmission. Assuming that “roller float” condition happens because the OWC in motorcycle starters is permanently engaged to the engine crankshaft, this can lead to a potential failure mode due to the premature wear; hence this is an important design aspect to be considered during OWC development for motorcycle starters systems. To perform this study a lumped parameter model based on a single roller analysis was developed. The model represents the behavior of the roller when the outer cam is increasing its angular velocity. It comprehends the centrifugal force generated by the rotational speed, the elastic contact that is the focus of the investigation and the roller and cam spring data. All those variables were determined to influence the roller float condition. By changing design variables in the model the angular velocity in which roller float occurs can be modified. Experimental validation has confirmed the simulation results and the potential application of the dynamic model to improve roller clutch performance in the early phases of the Product Development Process.
2010-36-0015 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Design and Experimental Validation of a Roller One-Way Clutch (OWC) Having Innovative ISC (Integrated Springs Cage)
Autoria: ALVARO CANTO MICHELOTTI
Resumo: One-Way Clutch (OWC) systems have a concept based in a friction clutch with rollers. Such type of device is applied, for instance, in starter drives for starter motors and alternator overrunning pulleys. In the OWC configuration helical springs are positioned in such a way to guarantee the uniform contact of all rollers with the outer and inner races. This particular requirement is essential for the adequate performance of the system and become the weakest link of the current design. The objective of the present work is to investigate innovative design that could improve the system performance without increased cost. The development of a concept having a cage with integrated springs is described in this paper which is named ISC (Integrated Springs Cage). Furthermore, design improvements obtained by FEA simulation are shown. Finally, the experimental validation by durability tests demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed design. The ISC configuration is a patent required design and represents newly innovative effort in roller OWC systems improvement. The new configuration simplifies the assembly process of OWC systems and has great potential of cost reduction by requiring fewer components.
2010-36-0016 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Methodology to Capture Induced Strains on Riveting Process of Aerospace Structures
Autoria: FABIO RIBEIRO SOARES DA CUNHA
Resumo: Riveting is a very common manufacturing process in assembly of large aerospace structures such as fuselage cross sections. Large deformations involved in this process generate large displacements of components. This problem is pronounced when dealing with large structures such as fuselage panels. This fact may result in penalties on the assembly line of an aircraft, and the manufacturing is usually forced to develop tools to make feasible the assembly of fuselage cross sections. This work presents a bibliographic review about this subject, and presents a methodology to capture induced strains on the riveting process of aerospace structures. An experimental test was performed on a row of rivets to study this behavior. After that, finite element simulation was performed and deformation results were obtained for a single rivet. This result was extrapolated for a row of rivets with the assumption of sequential riveting. The experimental result validates the simulation methodology. Finally, challenges for the development of a riveting sequence strategy to improve the assembly process of large panels are presented.
2010-36-0017 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Inertization of Commercial Aircrafts Fuel Tanks
Autoria:
Resumo: The aeronautic industry continuous search undertaken to implement new technologies in their products, gains in efficiency and efficacy combined with the reliability and security. Since the Boeing TWA 800 flight accident, where an explosion of central wing fuel tank occurred in the air, several safety recommendations have been issued and followed by new regulations for design, certification and operation for transport category aircraft.
2010-36-0017 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Inertization of Commercial Aircrafts Fuel Tanks
Autoria: ALEXANDRE OSTI FRACCAROLI
Resumo: The aeronautic industry continuous search undertaken to implement new technologies in their products, gains in efficiency and efficacy combined with the reliability and security. Since the Boeing TWA 800 flight accident, where an explosion of central wing fuel tank occurred in the air, several safety recommendations have been issued and followed by new regulations for design, certification and operation for transport category aircraft. So far, the efforts to reduce the risk of fuel tanks explosion had been focused on the elimination or control of the ignition sources. After the mentioned accident, a need to review the concept of fuel tank protection against explosion became evident, and then, in addition to the control of ignition sources, a way to reduce the oxygen concentration inside the fuel tanks has been pursued. The development of HFM technology allowed the installation of OBIGGS in the aircraft. This system injects inerting gas inside the fuel tanks in order to reduce the concentration of the oxygen in the fuel vapor mixture and then preventing the explosion of these fuel tanks.
2010-36-0018 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Experimental Optimization of Charge Level in an Automotive Air Conditioning system under Steady State Conditions
Autoria: AVINASH D DESAI
Resumo: The performance of automotive A/C system depends on the correct refrigerant charge level. The under charged or over charged A/C system will have adverse effects on the system performance. If the system is undercharged initially or due to inevitable minute leaks from the system, the amount of refrigerant charge level will decrease over a period time and ultimately reduce the system’s performance. Excessive charge beyond the optimum level will increase the pressure of refrigerant at condenser and TXV outlet and beyond optimum charge level there is no improvement on air side performance of A/C system. This research work presents the methodology for determination of optimum charge level for a desired amount of superheat and subcooling of refrigerant in an automotive A/C system under steady state conditions. Oil concentration in refrigerant is also precisely recorded and is found to be 4.17% which is below the tolerable limit. In the present study superheating between 5-12K and subcooling up to 10K is considered as per the historical data available with manufacturer. The optimum charge quantity is decided by adding the minimum value of the subcooling period and 2/3rd of the band width of subcooling graph. The set of experiments have been conducted in a sophisticate, highly precise and state of the art system test bench / calorimeter on vehicle HVAC system and the system accuracy that determines the optimum charge quantity is ± 3.37%. Key words: Automobile Air conditioning, refrigerant charge level, performance of A/C system, HVAC
2010-36-0018 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Experimental Optimization of Charge Level in an Automotive Air Conditioning system under Steady State Conditions
Autoria:
Resumo: The performance of automotive A/C system depends on the correct refrigerant charge level. The under charged or over charged A/C system will have adverse effects on the system performance. If the system is undercharged initially or due to inevitable minute leaks from the system, the amount of refrigerant charge level will decrease over a period time and ultimately reduce the system’s performance. Excessive charge beyond the optimum level will increase the pressure of refrigerant at condenser and TXV outlet and beyond optimum charge level there is no improvement on air side performance of A/C system. This research work presents the methodology for determination of optimum charge level for a desired amount of superheat and subcooling of refrigerant in an automotive A/C system under steady state conditions. Oil concentration in refrigerant is also precisely recorded and is found to be 4.17% which is below the tolerable limit. In the present study superheating between 5-12K and subcooling up to 10K is considered as per the historical data available with manufacturer. The optimum charge quantity is decided by adding the minimum value of the subcooling period and 2/3rd of the band width of subcooling graph. The set of experiments have been conducted in a sophisticate, highly precise and state of the art system test bench / calorimeter on vehicle HVAC system and the system accuracy that determines the optimum charge quantity is ± 3.37%.
2010-36-0019 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Benefits of the Design for Reliability (DFR) Application in Product Development
Autoria: CLAUDIO CAIANI SPANÓ
Resumo: As reliability requirements and expectation increase, reliability needs to be included in the design process and be an integral part of the product development cycle. This brief introduction to Design for Reliability (DFR) introduces the concept, methods and tools that support product and process design to ensure customer expectations for reliability are fully met.
2010-36-0020 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Modeling for collaboration among shippers
Autoria:
Resumo: Shippers are looking to reduce their costs and increase their performance and competitiveness. They realized that even competitors can be potential collaborative partners. For carriers, one important consideration is the reduction of asset repositioning. However, carriers will often make empty movements to reposition their trucks. Carriers may generate demand for this capacity by offering service substantially below the market price. Shippers on the other hand, decide when to buy transportation services for their freight. This action allocates shipments to the otherwise unused capacity thus reducing the network's empty movements. It is necessary to distribute the freights in the available routes, this is a multiple knapsack problem. Based on the given lanes, the available routes are determined in a combinatorial approach. The problem is solved using a branch and cut method. The proposed method was implemented in a system where shippers can interact via internet, the costs of each shipper remains hidden. Shippers can publish their available freights, and they search for shippers that can collaborate by reducing empty movements. Keywords: Collaborative Games, Operational Research Systems, Shippers.
2010-36-0023 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Comparative study of international toxic and GHG emission inventory tools
Autoria: SILVIO DE ANDRADE FIGUEIREDO
Resumo: O objetivo desse artigo é fazer uma revisão comparativa dos mais representativos modelos e ―softwares‖ brasileiros e internacionais destinados a inventariar emissões de gases tóxicos e de efeito estufa devidos a fontes móveis rodoviárias. São avaliados os modelos do ―2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories‖; do ―2009 EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook‖; do ―Primeiro Inventário Brasileiro de Emissões Antrópicas de Gases de Efeito Estufa - Relatórios de Referência: Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa por Fontes Móveis, no Setor Energético‖; do ―1º Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas‖ e o ―MOVES 2010‖ da EPA.
2010-36-0023 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Comparative study of international toxic and GHG emission inventory tools
Autoria:
Resumo: O objetivo desse artigo é fazer uma revisão comparativa dos mais representativos modelos e ―softwares‖ brasileiros e internacionais destinados a inventariar emissões de gases tóxicos e de efeito estufa devidos a fontes móveis rodoviárias. São avaliados os modelos do ―2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories‖; do ―2009 EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook‖; do ―Primeiro Inventário Brasileiro de Emissões Antrópicas de Gases de Efeito Estufa - Relatórios de Referência: Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa por Fontes Móveis, no Setor Energético‖; do ―1º Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas‖ e o ―MOVES 2010‖ da EPA.
2010-36-0028 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Individual Cylinder Fuel Control Application with a Switching Oxygen Sensor
Autoria: ROBERTO GOTHARDO KRENUS
Resumo: In this paper we discuss in detail an algorithm that addresses cylinder-to-cylinder imbalance issues. Maintaining even equivalence-ratio () control across all the cylinders of an engine is confounded by imbalances which include fuel-injector flow variations, fresh-air intake maldistribution and uneven distribution of Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR). Moreover, in markets that are growing increasingly cost conscious, with ever tightening emissions regulations, correcting for such mismatches must not only be done, but done with no additional cost. To address this challenge, we developed an Individual Cylinder Fuel Control (ICFC) algorithm that estimates each cylinder’s individual and then compensates to correct for any imbalance using only existing production hardware. In our production-bound algorithm, modeling and control of the cylinders’ dynamic was performed using a single switching oxygen sensor. Our ICFC algorithm was developed on a 2.4l four cylinder DOHC engine and it is in production at 2010 Multifuel engines 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8L four cylinders SOHC selling a volume of 90k/year. It meets internally defined performance requirements and NLEV emissions. Other important contributions in this work include an analysis of exhaust gas transport and mixing phenomenon, and an analysis of digitally acquiring and post processing oxygen sensor data.
2010-36-0029 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: DESIGN OF RELIABLE ACCELERATED FATIGUE TEST PROGRAMS BASED ON REAL MARKET USE
Autoria: CRISTÓBAL GARCÍA
Resumo: Durability is one of the most important goals in the current state-of the-art design of new vehicles. Usually the durability performance is validated by the vehicle manufacturers driving directly the prototypes in field or through endurance schedules on proving ground fatigue surfaces. The validation procedure driving directly in field is very expensive and time-consuming. The reliability and accuracy of validations in proving ground surfaces are many times unknown, mainly because such endurance schedules are not fitted to the market (driving conditions and type of roads) and historically are based on empirical procedures. This paper discusses how IDIADA has developed a methodology to design accelerated durability schedules which obtain less expensive and fast durability validation procedures, as well as being reliable and fitted to the market and durability targets. The development of the methodology is based on the analysis and extrapolation of the information collected directly in market (Road Load Data) in order to design endurance schedules using the accelerated fatigue surfaces of the proving grounds.
2010-36-0029 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: DESIGN OF RELIABLE ACCELERATED FATIGUE TEST PROGRAMS BASED ON REAL MARKET USE
Autoria:
Resumo: Durability is one of the most important goals in the current state-of the-art design of new vehicles. Usually the durability performance is validated by the vehicle manufacturers driving directly the prototypes in field or through endurance schedules on proving ground fatigue surfaces. The validation procedure driving directly in field is very expensive and time-consuming. The reliability and accuracy of validations in proving ground surfaces are many times unknown, mainly because such endurance schedules are not fitted to the market (driving conditions and type of roads) and historically are based on empirical procedures.
2010-36-0033 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Systematic study of technical solutions applied for starter motor
Autoria: Breno Raizer
Resumo: One traditional solution to start an internal combustion engine is the starter motor. Little has been changed in its operational dynamics and conception, even after several design optimization processes. This fact stems from the absence of application of an analysis tool capable of showing the existing relations between its subgroups and the functions performed. But, once that these relations are explained and the basics functions are revealed, it is possible to generate a group of new technical solutions to perform the same functions. In order to achieve this goal, the present work applied a Morphological Analysis on the group of functions that is necessary and sufficient for a starter motor. The analysis of the Morphological Field revealed the nowadays trend of technical solutions and some solutions that hasn’t been explored yet. The analysis of those models revealed why they have been discarded or simply not explored, and makes possible a systematic change in the concept of the product in order to apply a significant functional and technical optimization.
2010-36-0034 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Innovative Concepts for Smart Road Restraint Systems to Provide Greater Safety for Vulnerable Users - Smart RRS
Autoria: ARTURO DAVILA
Resumo: Worldwide, 1.2 million people die in road crashes yearly; 43,000 just in Europe. This implies a cost to the European society of approximately 160 billion euro, making use of 10% of all health care resources. Sharp objects like crash barriers may lead vulnerable road users into serious injuries. Different road restraint system designs have been developed in recent years to improve vulnerable road users’ safety. SMART RRS is an FP7 SST 2007 RTD1 European collaborative project funded by the EC with the participation of 10 institutions from 5 countries. The project aims to develop a new smart road restraint system that will reduce the number of deaths and injuries caused in road traffic accidents by integrating primary and tertiary sensor systems in it, providing greater protection to all road users, warning motorists and emergency services of danger for prevention purposes and alerting emergency teams of accidents as they happen to minimize response time to the exact location of the incident. This new smart restraint system will: • Reduce the number of accidents through better information on the actual state of the road and traffic flow (climatic conditions, traffic flow, obstructions, hazards, accidents). • Eliminate dangerous profiles from road restraint systems (crash barriers) that currently endanger vulnerable road users. • Optimise road safety by providing exact information of where and when accidents happen in real-time. The project obtained interesting results from an in-depth review of motorcycle accidents, showing that the most aggressive elements for riders are protection systems installed on roadsides (continuous, punctual, rigid, wire rope). Also the accidents involving roadside protective systems include high speeds and the rider commonly impacts the barrier in an upward position, with severe outcome. Some of the most important injuries received by riders are blunt impacts to the head, member amputation and severe thoracic intrusion.
2010-36-0035 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Development of an Active Safety System to Avoid Accidents in Tests with Drowsy Drivers
Autoria: JAIME LÓPEZ DE LA O
Resumo: Driving is a very complex activity which requires all the attention of the driver. Nowadays, the human factor is related in the 90% of the accidents and the distraction is one of the most considerable factors of influence, specially the somnolence. The objective of this project is to create a confident somnolence detector. In order to obtain essential data from the drivers while they fall asleep to calibrate the algorithm, we needed to create a system which allows the driver to handle the car, but detects when the conduction is not correct and takes the control to keep safe the driver and the car. It was extremely important that the system must be autonomous, and the driver must be alone in the car, so as not to distort the experiment. As a result, we will obtain a semi-autonomous non intrusive system which makes impossible to have an accident in our platform where a track is circumscribed. It opens the doors of the experimentation with drowsy drivers, when there are possibilities of loss of control of the vehicle. It can be used also to increase the safety in test track installations like ours or some control applications out of automobile industries, where the safety is fundamental.
2010-36-0037 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Accelerating the Vehicle Development Process by Employing EMI and EMC Numerical Analysis Assisted by High Performance Computing
Autoria: JULIANO FUJIOKA MOLOGNI
Resumo: Since the majority of the innovative trends in automotive industry today are based in advanced electronics technology, mastering the EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) between embedded electronic subsystem and the EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) features of a vehicle in its early design phase becomes one of the crucial technical challenges faced by all automotive manufacturers. Even if all electronic subsystems in a vehicle are validated under the EMC standards, the integration between them may create numerous points of potential hazards that affects the total electromagnetic behavior of the entire system, hazards that can be detected only once the first complete prototype is available, and whose resolution at this phase of the process is very time consuming and expensive. This paper presents the state of the art regarding electromagnetic numerical analysis using Ansoft HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) tool and a parallel HPC (High Performance Computing) consisting of numerous computer nodes connected to a network. An application of this approach to a vehicle modeling is presented. Adaptations to CAD (Computer Aided Design) models are proposed in order to improve CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) analysis and save computer effort with the objective to reach a correct level of industrial efficiency. EMI between subsystems are investigated using field solvers and a SI (Signal Integrity) analysis is performed in a wiring harness transmitting a random CAN J1939 standard signal. A complete analysis on EMI and EMC properties is performed, and a conclusion concerning the practical use of numerical simulation at early stages of the vehicle design is proposed.
2010-36-0037 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Accelerating the Vehicle Development Process by Employing EMI and EMC Numerical Analysis Assisted by High Performance Computing
Autoria:
Resumo: Since the majority of the innovative trends in automotive industry today are based in advanced electronics technology, mastering the EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) between embedded electronic subsystem and the EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) features of a vehicle in its early design phase becomes one of the crucial technical challenges faced by all automotive manufacturers. Even if all electronic subsystems in a vehicle are validated under the EMC standards, the integration between them may create numerous points of potential hazards that affects the total electromagnetic behavior of the entire system, hazards that can be detected only once the first complete prototype is available, and whose resolution at this phase of the process is very time consuming and expensive.
2010-36-0039 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Different Behavior from car and truck drivers during nighttime driving in the Brazilian market
Autoria: LUCIANO PINTO LUKACS
Resumo: Nighttime driving behavior differs from that during the day because of differences in the driver's field of view. At night, drivers must rely on their vehicle headlamps to illuminate the roadway. It is essential then that the driver is able to see the environment and road conditions in front of him. This paper presents the needs of the driver’s (car and truck) due to the environment and road conditions from the state of São Paulo (Brazil). A survey has been done to compare the needs from the truck and car driver under different road conditions. The results show the necessity to tailor the beam pattern according to the driver needs, providing nighttime drive more safe according to the driver’s and market needs.
2010-36-0042 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Suspensão
Título do Paper: Vehicle Suspension Beam Reliability Analysis
Autoria: DANIEL MULLER SPINELLI
Resumo: This paper aims to conduct a reliability analysis for a vehicular suspension system of a commercial passenger vehicle. This analysis type can be the basis for conducting lean design development while accessing fundamental information for early manufacturing planning decision start. A vehicular suspension system's main function is to absorb the vibrations coming from the floor, and thus act as a system for modifying the transmissibility of the acceleration dynamics generated by the roughness of the ground. The unsprung mass is taken as the load entrance into a vehicle and therefore deserves to be extensively studied, as if not attending the main functions generates discomfort and affects the safety of the vehicle as it is the main link between axes and vehicle. The suspension system was analyzed globally by means of a functional tree and based on that by identifying the components considered critical by means of an FTA (Fault Tree Analysis). An evaluation of the main structural component was conducted based on the material fatigue life statistics l and then an assessment of the structural durability prediction of failure was done based on data from experimental strain measurements obtained in a track for conducting accelerated test . The results of the whole analysis can be used as information for decision to accelerate the development in the industrialization phase by doing a risk analysis and commitment for an early release for tooling manufature.
2010-36-0044 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Evolution of the Composition and Education Degree of the Technical Staff in the Brazilian Automotive Industry: Case Study
Autoria:
Resumo: This paper presents the recent evolution of the composition of the technical staff – constituted by engineers and technicians – of an automotive industry. Historical and social aspects that influenced the formation of the technical staff since the settlement of the company in the Brazilian national territory are commented. The case study highlights the technician/engineer and engineer/production ratio, scholar degree of the technical staff and the distribution of undergraduates, masters and doctors. The cooperation between industry and university is discussed as an important factor for technical staff qualification, with positive impacts on the development of new products and process methodologies. Academic results are shown, demonstrating the qualification and participation of automotive engineers in the country’s scientific production.
2010-36-0046 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Influence of Lubricant and Viscosity Index Improver Additives on Fuel Consumption of a Diesel Engine
Autoria:
Resumo: Este trabalho verifica o impacto da viscosidade do óleo lubrificante no consumo de combustível de um motor diesel. As amostras de óleo lubrificante foram testadas em um motor monocilíndrico de quatro tempos e injeção direta de combustível acoplado a um dinamômetro eletro-magnético, sob diferentes condições de carga e rotação. O motor foi alimentado com óleo diesel metropolitano comercial S500 (500 ppm de enxofre) contendo 4% de biodiesel (B4). As formulações dos óleos lubrificantes e a metodologia dos testes foram projetadas para medir o consumo de combustível decorrente do uso de lubrificantes automotivos mono- ou multi-viscosos e de dois aditivos melhoradores de índice de viscosidade, operando o motor simulando condições de uso real.
2010-36-0046 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Influence of Lubricant and Viscosity Index Improver Additives on Fuel Consumption of a Diesel Engine
Autoria: JOSÉ RICARDO SODRÉ
Resumo: Este trabalho verifica o impacto da viscosidade do óleo lubrificante no consumo de combustível de um motor diesel. As amostras de óleo lubrificante foram testadas em um motor monocilíndrico de quatro tempos e injeção direta de combustível acoplado a um dinamômetro eletro-magnético, sob diferentes condições de carga e rotação. O motor foi alimentado com óleo diesel metropolitano comercial S500 (500 ppm de enxofre) contendo 4% de biodiesel (B4). As formulações dos óleos lubrificantes e a metodologia dos testes foram projetadas para medir o consumo de combustível decorrente do uso de lubrificantes automotivos mono- ou multi-viscosos e de dois aditivos melhoradores de índice de viscosidade, operando o motor simulando condições de uso real. Os resultados demonstram que o consumo de combustível obtido com as amostras de óleos multiviscosos é menor que aquele obtido com óleos monoviscosos.
2010-36-0047 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Cold Start and Fuel Consumption of a Vehicle Fuelled with Diesel Oil and Soybean Biodiesel Blends
Autoria: JOSÉ RICARDO SODRÉ
Resumo: O consumo de combustível e as características de partida a frio de um veículo de produção alimentado com misturas de óleo diesel S500 (500 ppm de enxofre) e biodiesel de soja (3, 5, 10 e 20%) são comparados com o óleo diesel padrão Europeu S10 (10 ppm de enxofre). Um veículo tipo perua equipado com um motor diesel de quatro cilindros, 1,3 litros e 63 kW foi testado em uma câmara fria à temperatura de -5°C. Os testes de consumo de combustível foram conduzidos de acordo com o ciclo padrão descrito na norma NBR 6601. Os resultados mostram que o período de partida a frio é mais longo para as misturas de biodiesel em comparação com o óleo diesel S10. O aumento da concentração de biodiesel na mistura provocou um aumento no período de partida a frio. O consumo de combustível foi maior quando as misturas de biodiesel foram utilizadas no lugar do óleo diesel S10. Contudo, o aumento da concentração de biodiesel na mistura reduziu o consumo de combustível.
2010-36-0047 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Cold Start and Fuel Consumption of a Vehicle Fuelled with Diesel Oil and Soybean Biodiesel Blends
Autoria:
Resumo: O consumo de combustível e as características de partida a frio de um veículo de produção alimentado com misturas de óleo diesel S500 (500 ppm de enxofre) e biodiesel de soja (3, 5, 10 e 20%) são comparados com o óleo diesel padrão Europeu S10 (10 ppm de enxofre). Um veículo tipo perua equipado com um motor diesel de quatro cilindros, 1,3 litros e 63 kW foi testado em uma câmara fria à temperatura de -5°C. Os testes de consumo de combustível foram conduzidos de acordo com o ciclo padrão descrito na norma NBR 6601.
2010-36-0049 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Engine Reliability Through Infant Mortality Mitigation: Literature Review
Autoria: MAURO CARLOS ANDREASSA
Resumo: Internal combustion engines are designed to meet the high power, low fuel consumption and also, low exhaust emissions. The engine running conditions is valid the concept that, the expectative is very high because of the variety of operating conditions like cold start, frequent start and stop, time high speed and load, traditional gasoline, mix of gasoline and alcohol and finally, alcohol fuel only. Considering such demand, this paper explains the relationship between the reliability bathtub curve, specifically the “Infant Mortality” portion. The bathtub curve describes failure rate as a function of time. The “Infant Mortality” portion of the curve is the initial section for which the failure (death) rate decreases with time (age). In general, these problems are related to manufacturing aspects or poor design definitions. With development of technology, hard failures, the ones that cause dependability, are becoming rare. On the other hand, soft failures, the ones that cause poor customer perception, are increasing with competition and customer high demand. This paper focuses on a literature review of these two categories, approaching firstly the mechanisms of failures and secondly, a short description of the basic concepts. Also, an special emphasis is given to engine noises. Throughout this discipline to understand the failure mechanism and then, the basic concepts, it is expected to: 1) concentrate on perfect systems, not perfect components, 2) Understand interaction failure modes and finally 3) do not pack more functionality into one button just because you can, the paper discuss the relationship with engine typical failure modes. In addition, better advanced quality plans and control plans can be performed.
2010-36-0050 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Acoustical effects on heat shields, operation temperatures, used materials and solutions
Autoria: BEATE ZIKA BEYERLEIN
Resumo: Today's power train applications have increased dynamics, loads and temperatures while requirements for NVH increase and power train packaging offers less space for shielding components to protect surrounding parts. Short development timing requires the use of FE analysis forecasting durability, natural frequencies, stress levels and structural parameter. While these parameters nowadays can be dealt successfully with available simulation tools, it is still complex to understand acoustical effects occurring at dynamically excited heat shield applications which moreover depend on each other. The design (form and material) and assembly of the majority of the multi-layered heat shield components affect their acoustical behavior. Due to the fact that application temperatures range between 150°C at underbody parts and nearly 1000°C at hot ends, suitable materials have to be chosen. This publication describes which acoustical effects can occur on heat shields. Further more this article describes what kinds of materials are available for the wide operation temperature spectrum and how to reach adequate solutions realizable in applications.
2010-36-0051 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Challenges of adopting new Lighting Technologies on Emerging Markets
Autoria: LUCIANO PINTO LUKACS
Resumo: Emerging markets and South America in particular, have quickly become the cornerstone of major automotive companies in recent years. Currently, all major players are located in the region, and this has created an excellent environment for developing market-tailored products. The trend in the design and technology community is one which allows the final customer to improve his own safety and reduce overall power consumption. Throughout the entire automotive industry, the lighting system has always had a very important role to play during its long history. In the past 50 years, vehicular lighting has achieved an important status due to its close relationship by enhancing passenger and vehicle security. In addition, there is still room for improvement in the halogen front lighting system. Particularly, it is of utmost importance to highlight the implementation of NEO (new efficient optics). This paper will show the benefits that can be achieved by adopting this technology, since it will be the first implementation in the market (Worldwide) and more important will be launched in South America, an emerging market. This technology enhances the overall headlamp performance, better package and a unique design.
2010-36-0054 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Manufatura
Título do Paper: Why are the Japanese companies returning to the concept of serial production line?
Autoria: JEAN RESENDE
Resumo: This study is a case that has the main objective analyzes the benefits and impacts caused by the change from production cell concept to production line. The company in focus is a Japanese autoparts that took advantage of the necessity moving and expansion of the site and so implemented the fishbone line concept. At first step was analyzed the improvements obtained in the process, as well as compare the performance of the production process, productivity and quality over the existing concepts for both models. The methodology developed for the implementation of this study compares the performance results about the initial concept of production cell with the concept of production line. In this case, it was used current data and historical performance of that production cell and the new line. The quantitative data and indicators showed surprising results regarding the performance of the production process and costs. The main point that differ the two concepts is production flexibility, but must also be highlight that the production cell facilitates in application of muda concepts, coming from the TPS (Toyota Production System), this means elimination of all waste possible. It was possible to check that the production line has a cleaner vision of the process and also is easier to access the equipment, the components, the parts and the operators, thereby cooperating the intervention of process and troubleshooting. Moreover, the results provided useful information about benefits and limitations of both concepts applied to the company under study, that the technology and innovation are relevant. However, it can say that the results and the information presented for both processes studied are not applicable to all companies.
2010-36-0060 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Non-destructive Inspection in Aluminum Alloy AA 6013 Plates Welded by Laser
Autoria: ADRIANO PASSINI
Resumo: In this work, the ultrasonic and X-ray techniques associated with the metallographic analysis were applied in the characterization of the autogenous welding of AA6013 aluminum alloy with 1.6mm of thickness, welded with a 2 kW Yb fiber laser using several welding speeds and heat inputs, with and without protection gas. The quality of the welding was evaluated based on the presence of typical defects like porosity, cracks and others imperfections. The detection of defects was obtained with the ultrasonic phased array technique by measuring attenuation of surface back reflected wave which was significant in to the presence of porosity. The ultrasonic phased array signals were compared to X-ray and metallographic analysis showing that even defects as small as 32 μm in average size can be detected whit this technique.
2010-36-0060 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Non-destructive Inspection in Aluminum Alloy AA 6013 Plates Welded by Laser
Autoria:
Resumo: In this work, the ultrasonic and X-ray techniques associated with the metallographic analysis were applied in the characterization of the autogenous welding of AA6013 aluminum alloy with 1.6mm of thickness, welded with a 2 kW Yb fiber laser using several welding speeds and heat inputs, with and without protection gas. The quality of the welding was evaluated based on the presence of typical defects like porosity, cracks and others imperfections. The detection of defects was obtained with the ultrasonic phased array technique by measuring attenuation of surface back reflected wave which was significant in to the presence of porosity. The ultrasonic phased array signals were compared to X-ray and metallographic analysis showing that even defects as small as 32 μm in average size can be detected whit this technique.
2010-36-0064 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Study of the Influence of accessories in the Perfomance of Turbo Diesel Engines
Autoria: MARCELO SANTANA OLIVEIRA
Resumo: O consumo de combustível dos veículos está diretamente relacionado com o consumo de energia que está implícito na dependência da velocidade ou no ciclo ao qual o motor for submetido. O objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver um modelo de motor, simulando o desempenho dinâmico e a influência dos componentes agregados e acessórios. Determinar a sensibilidade dos sistemas atuais à variação dos parâmetros destes acessórios, quantificando a importância destes no consumo de combustível.
2010-36-0066 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: New business lines in the automotive sector
Autoria: DANIEL ENRIQUE CASTRO
Resumo: The global crisis observed in the automotive industry since 2008 resulting mainly from delayed reaction of automakers to develop automotive transport solutions considering the environmental impact of vehicles is causing the birth of new business lines in this sector. Modern environmental problems as global warming and the pollution of ecosystems due to inability of systematically recycle all materials used in automotive manufacture processes is changing the point of view of end users about the concept of what a good quality vehicle should be. Vehicle users of United States and European Union are becoming more critical requiring vehicles with minor environmental impact and automotive manufacturing processes that intensify the use of recyclable materials preserving non-renewable resources of the planet. This new point of view of vehicle users is just opening new business opportunities in the automotive sector. Japan was created IREC (International Recycling Education Center), an organization dedicated to training in automotive recycling processes. This organization works with vehicle recycling companies like car disassemblers, crushers, and processing companies of vehicular components containing materials of high added value such as catalytic converters, electronic circuits, as well as companies that resale used vehicle components like doors, bumpers, engines, etc. A new concept of automotive industry is now rising in Japan called Veiny Industry. This industry processes the end-oflife vehicles (ELV´s) and turns them into materials that can be used again to manufacture new vehicles by industries called now in Japan “arterial industries” (actual automakers). Another interesting business line in the automotive sector is emerging in Brazil but oriented to vehicle maintenance service. Brazil does not have a national vehicle inspection system. This causes serious problems for the conservation of vehicles circulating in the country making very hard the recycling process of older vehicles (over 10 years of use). This initiative was started by a group of engineering professors and students who developed a maintenance WEB system based on vehicle reliability analysis. This system consists of a WEB portal, which connects maintenance workshops with vehicle users. Using statistical data analysis the system calculates the survival profile (reliability curves) of all vehicle critical components and users are warned about the real condition of their vehicles. This paper aims to address these new business lines that may mark the beginning of a new era in the automotive sector.
2010-36-0069 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Criteria for Selection of Vehicle Electrical Architectures for Emerging Markets
Autoria: GUSTAVO DAL POGGETTO
Resumo: The purpose of this study is to establish the criteria of election of an electrical architecture tailor-made for the emerging markets, to be applied during the whole vehicle’s life-cycle. A literature review about related subjects as the meaning of “electrical architecture”, its techniques, criteria and methodologies of development, and the definitions of emerging and developed markets is also presented. Based on the bibliographical research, documentary analysis and unstructured interviews with active members of the automotive industry, the criteria for election of electrical architectures for emerging markets was established, as well as their describers and swing-weights, required by the use of the additive aggregation method – a multi-criteria decision taking method. The criteria were applied in two studies of case of automotive industry: the developments of a low-cost hatch vehicle and a mid-size luxury sedan vehicle, both designed for emerging markets. By the study of cases, it was possible to compare solutions of architectures adopted in the past, in the present and for a near future, for developed and emerging markets, and validate the use of the adopted criteria.
2010-36-0069 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Criteria for Selection of Vehicle Electrical Architectures for Emerging Markets
Autoria:
Resumo: The purpose of this study is to establish the criteria of election of an electrical architecture tailor-made for the emerging markets, to be applied during the whole vehicle’s life-cycle. A literature review about related subjects as the meaning of “electrical architecture”, its techniques, criteria and methodologies of development, and the definitions of emerging and developed markets is also presented.
2010-36-0070 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Mode I Fracture Toughness Characterization of a Resistance Welded Carbon / PPS Laminate
Autoria: NILSON EIJI NARITA
Resumo: In this work the effect of resistance welding parameters in thermoplastic composite materials was evaluated in terms of the resulting microstructure and fracture mechanisms of the welded joint. Processes parameters as power density and welding time were investigated. For the microstructural characterization, samples were prepared for polarized light optical microscope observations. DCB testing was performed for the determination of the fracture energy, GIc, and short beam flexure as well. The results were correlated to the microstrucutral characteristics of the welded region, and with the fracture surface of the tested specimens. Welded specimens were also compared to solid laminates and the particularities of each fracture mechanism were discussed.
2010-36-0073 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: An objective method to evaluate the characteristics of controls available inside of the vehicle
Autoria:
Resumo: The increasing of on board electronics in the vehicles aiming to improve the safety condition, the comfort of car's passengers and the entertainment tools have increased as well, at the same proportion, the numbers of controls available in the interior of the vehicle. The level of electronics available in the vehicle can be seen as a competitive advantage and brought a new situation to the experimental engineers: How to get data from those manuals controls that allow comparing a product with the competitor's ones in reliable way? This paper describes a completely new approach for an objective evaluation which replaces the old approach, the subjective evaluation. The intention of this presentation does not exclude the subjective evaluation of the development process of prototype vehicles system. It still stands a necessary and important process part.
2010-36-0073 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: An objective method to evaluate the characteristics of controls available inside of the vehicle
Autoria: ADILSON APARECIDO DE OLIVEIRA
Resumo: The increasing of on board electronics in the vehicles aiming to improve the safety condition, the comfort of car's passengers and the entertainment tools have increased as well, at the same proportion, the numbers of controls available in the interior of the vehicle. The level of electronics available in the vehicle can be seen as a competitive advantage and brought a new situation to the experimental engineers: How to get data from those manuals controls that allow comparing a product with the competitor's ones in reliable way? This paper describes a completely new approach for an objective evaluation which replaces the old approach, the subjective evaluation. The intention of this presentation does not exclude the subjective evaluation of the development process of prototype vehicles system. It still stands a necessary and important process part.
2010-36-0074 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Análise de rede social como ferramenta para melhoria da troca de conhecimento: um estudo em um departamento de desenvolvimento de uma montadora
Autoria:
Resumo: Este artigo objetivou mapear a rede informal formada pelos funcionários de uma empresa que atua na área de desenvolvimento de uma montadora localizada no Grande ABC – São Paulo, sendo utilizado um instrumento de pesquisa baseado no modelo de Hatala (2006). Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, em que foram enviados questionários a 117 colaboradores de uma diretoria da empresa, com retorno de 53. Foi solicitada a eles a identificação de alguns fatores que foi analisado como importante para a análise como: Tempo de trabalho na empresa, cargo que possui atualmente, a formação acadêmica, local aonde trabalhou antes de ir para a área de desenvolvimento e identificação nominal dos colegas que acessam quando têm dúvidas técnicas. Os dados e resultados sobre a densidade e reciprocidade da rede foram apresentados para os gestores, os quais emitiram as suas percepções quanto a possíveis oportunidades para melhorar o fluxo de informações nas redes de relacionamento da empresa. O estudo identificou que a troca de conhecimento é baixa no grupo pesquisado, que os gestores já percebiam esta situação e que estão dispostos a fazerem um plano de ação com algumas propostas para melhorá-la.
2010-36-0076 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Sound Power Comparison Based on Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity
Autoria: MARLON CASAGRANDE RODRIGUES
Resumo: Nowadays the mains techniques to obtain Sound Power of machines and equipments are: Sound Power obtained by Sound Pressure Sound Power obtained by Sound Intensity This paper intends to compare results and show some advantages and disadvantages found during the tests. This discussion will be based on Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and the data show different results (=2dBA) comparing ISO 3744 and ISO 9614, but allow us to have a correlation factor, at least for this engine type.
2010-36-0077 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Influence of Shock Absorber Rating on the Performance of Crash Sensor Immunity for Rough-Road Conditions: a Quantitative Approach
Autoria: HEVERTON TIAGO DOS SANTOS SILVA
Resumo: While the process of crash sensor calibration development, both crash and abusive tests are conducted and acceleration data over this sensor are collected. The data are used for sensor sensitivity adjustment with the goal to deploy the air bags in those conditions needed, as crash events, and to not deploy in those abusive conditions the bags are unnecessary (such as potholes, curbs, ramps, bumps, etc) whose high acceleration amplitudes are sensed by the sensor. There is a common knowledge that different suspension set ups (as shocks, springs, etc) tend to influence acceleration over the crash sensor during the ride and, as consequence, the immunity performance of sensor's calibration may be jeopardized. This work has the proposal to investigate this influence by comparison of the immunity level achieved for rough-road events conducted with three different sets of shock absorber. Acceleration curves assessment and crash sensing algorithm response are presented and discussed in this paper. The contribution pursued was to establish a quantitative relationship between sensor immunity and shock absorber rating in order to prevent this immunity performance for a given shock absorber tolerance.
2010-36-0078 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Analysis of Different Types of Wind Tunnel's Ground Configuration Using Numerical Simulation
Autoria: FILIPE FABIAN BUSCARIOLO
Resumo: The work here presented aims to study different types of ground configurations, located at the test section of a wind tunnel and check their influence on the drag coefficient of one car, using only computer simulations. The drag coefficient of a vehicle is one of the most important aerodynamic proprieties, and as low as this drag value can be, the car performance will increase and the fuel consumption will decrease, item which has been pursued in new vehicles. Starting from one real wind tunnel test of a small pick-up, with static test section ground, a virtual model was built and tested using CFD, following the same configuration of the real test. The difference between test and simulation results was 0.25%, showing that the methodology here used is reliable. After that, two other types of ground were simulated: elevated plate and moving belt and the results show that drag value decreased 0.002 and 0.012 respectively, compared to the value obtained with static ground simulation. The flow behavior is demonstrated with colored images of the velocity and the pressure fields. As a complement for this work, two other cases were studied: the first one analyzed one isolated wheel in two different types of ground: static and moving belt, at the same wind tunnel test section, aiming to measure the influence of these types of ground, without the need of using a complete car, saving computational and modeling time. The second study shows the influence of mesh size, considering three cases: 5, 10 and 20 mm, in order to evaluate the influence of it on the drag coefficient results provided by CFD. Keywords: Wind Tunnel (computational simulation), Aerodynamics, Finite Volume Method.
2010-36-0080 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: imagens/livraria_foto_indisponivel.jpg
Autoria:
Resumo:
2010-36-0080I || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: imagens/livraria_foto_indisponivel.jpg
Autoria: VITOR HIRAYAMA
Resumo: PROTEGIDO
2010-36-0081 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Transmission mount tuning using a passive mass damper - case study
Autoria: CA RLOS M. MENDONÇA
Resumo: The noise level and sound quality performance of a passenger vehicle are strongly dependent on the fluid-structure behavior that is the interaction between the air inside the cabin with its sheet metal structures. With the challenges of global platform vehicles and an increased ethanol usage as an alternative fuel, new approaches of product development and refinements become necessary in order to up-to-date standards of vehicle NVH (noise, vibration and harshness). By using a CAE model combined with experimental data, it was possible to predict the main noise and vibration propagation paths inside the vehicle, where some proposals could be handled in advance and then validated on vehicle [1]. Several solutions may be found to solve issues that usually are delimited by technology, cost-benefit ratio, production ability, package restrictions and/or durability. This paper describes how to minimize harshness and as a consequence improve the sound quality inside a passenger vehicle with a flex fuel engine by using a passive mass damper applied into a transmission mount [2, 3 & 4].
2010-36-0084 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: DOE analysis of a lubrication pump of a small low capacity motorcycle
Autoria: FABIO RENATO CAMARGO SIRBONE
Resumo: Most of the engines of cars and motorcycles use lubrication pump to lubricate its moving parts. This pump is known as Gerotor. In a Gerotor, the internal gear has one tooth less than the external gear, therefore; the space between them is filled with oil. This pump has high performance and with low noise levels. Some features are very important for their efficiency and correct operation, such as internal clearances and profile of the rotor, housing and plate, rotation or speed, temperature and pressure. This paper presents a DOE study in a lubrication pump of a small low-capacity motorcycle to maximize the performance efficiency and evaluate the best geometry and dimensions for the correct design of a Gerotor pumps.
2010-36-0088 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Transient Multi-Level Elastohydrodynamic Point Contact Algorithm Experimental Validation
Autoria: FÁBIO NONATO
Resumo: One of the great challenges of engineering teams nowadays is to overcome long and costly project experimentation phases. One effective way of decreasing such project demands is to come up with a first hand prototype with high success probability. In order to do so, the project team should rely on robust numerical models, which can represent most of the real-life product behaviors, for instance system dynamics. For rolling element bearings, such dynamic models have to consider the dynamic interactions between its components, i.e., rolling elements and raceways. The only vibration transmitting points on rolling element bearings are the lubricated contacts. Therefore, in order to represent the full bearing dynamic behavior on a numerical model, an efficient transient contact model, which depicts the actual contact behavior, is fundamental. The primary goal of this work is to verify and validate a transient model for the elastohydrodynamic point contact, against bibliographical experimental results. A finite difference multi-level model is used to simulate the contact, taking into consideration the transient effects of the lubricant film. The static response is directly compared to the equilibrium position of the experimental data, by means of the measured center film thickness and pseudointerferometry plots. Using a ramp load on the model, the transient effect present on the experimental data can also be compared to the obtained simulation results, demonstrating the model validity. Also, some previous literature results are verified through the present algorithm.
2010-36-0089 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: TAKE-OFF AUTOPILOT CONTROL LAW USING LQR AND ITAE
Autoria: WESLEY JAQUES GENOVA
Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de leis de controle para um sistema de piloto automático de decolagem. Primeiramente, o procedimento de decolagem é dividido em duas etapas, o arredondamento, baseado no rastreamento do ângulo de atitude, e a subida, baseada em um segurador de velocidade. O foco do trabalho é mantido no controle da dinâmica longitudinal, se utilizado duas técnicas de projeto de controle, o regulador linear quadrático (LQR) e a integral do tempo multiplicado pelo valor absoluto do erro.
2010-36-0090 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: ASSESSMENT OF THE TIME STEP IN THE MODELING OF COLD FLOW IN A MOTORED DIESEL ENGINE
Autoria: FLAVIO VANDERLEI ZANCANARO JÚNIOR
Resumo: The work investigates the effects of the time step in the modeling of the intake and in-cylinder systems of a Diesel engine, under the motored condition. The engine has a bore of 79.5 mm and a stroke of 86 mm. The valves and piston movements are included. The equations are numerically solved, including a transient analysis of the intake stroke, for an engine speed of 1500 rpm, using a commercial Finite Volumes CFD code. For the purpose of examining the in-cylinder turbulence characteristics two parameters are observed: the discharge coefficient and swirl ratio. Regarding the turbulence, computations are performed with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes, Eddy Viscosity Model k-ω SST, and also the k-ε standard cubic Model (usual in the automotive industry), with standard near wall treatment. A moving hexahedral mesh independence study is presented. In the same way many convergence tests are performed, and a secure criterion established. The enthalpy equation is also solved, and the air compressibility is considered, being treated as perfect gas. A steady state flow-bench intake calculation is also presented, and the results are compared against experimental data. Thought the results it is possible to note divergences between the turbulence models employed and time steps.'
2010-36-0091 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Suspensão
Título do Paper: Análise da Influência da Barra Estabilizadora no Ângulo de Rolagem da Suspensão Dianteira de Ônibus
Autoria: Carlos Eduardo Uhlmann
Resumo: Este trabalho desenvolve um estudo sobre a influência da rigidez da barra estabilizadora no ângulo de rolagem de uma suspensão dianteira de ônibus. A suspensão usada para este estudo faz parte de um veículo especial low entry, que é caracterizado por possuir um chassi rebaixado, permitindo aos usuários um acesso rápido e prático, sem necessidade do uso de escadas para ingressar no veículo. Atualmente não existem dados específicos na literatura sobre a influência da rigidez da barra estabilizadora no ângulo de rolagem da suspensão e tampouco informações sobre veículos low entry, que podem ser considerados, de certa forma, uma novidade. Deste modo, para alcançar o objetivo principal deste trabalho que é avaliar a influência da barra estabilizadora no ângulo de rolagem de veículos comerciais gerando uma relação entre a rigidez da barra e o ângulo de rolagem, é construído um modelo analítico e um numérico da suspensão, com e sem barra estabilizadora, verificando seu comportamento em ambos os casos. No modelo analítico foram usadas equações clássicas da literatura, sendo que estas não consideram todas as características da suspensão. Quanto ao modelo numérico, este é construído empregando o software ADAMS, no qual é possível detalhar com precisão todas as características da suspensão. Preliminarmente é obtido o valor do ângulo de rolagem da suspensão sem o uso da barra estabilizadora, sendo, então, realizado o mesmo cálculo contemplando o uso da barra e sua rigidez obtendo-se um novo valor para o ângulo de rolagem. Deste modo, é construído um gráfico do ângulo de rolagem da suspensão pela rigidez da barra estabilizadora, tanto para o modelo analítico quanto para o modelo numérico. Como resultado para o uso da barra estabilizadora, é obtido uma redução no ângulo de rolagem de aproximadamente 50%, tanto para o modelo analítico quanto para o modelo numérico, caracterizando uma influência muito grande da barra estabilizadora. O ângulo de rolagem no modelo numérico foi muito inferior ao do modelo analítico, devido ao primeiro conseguir reproduzir os elementos enrijecedores da suspensão que não são levados em consideração no modelo analítico.
2010-36-0092 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: The competencies of Brazilian's experimental engineering in planning and realization validation's tests of the vehicles during the phase of project
Autoria:
Resumo: The advancement of technology leads the auto industry to develop new products and increasingly with greater speed and quality assured to meet the needs of the consumer market, ensuring the competitiveness of automakers. The reduction of costs and time for the development of new products are highly desired items and the phase of validation / testing is an important step in this process to ensure compliance and quality of the product since its launch. Among the various activities that integrate the process of developing a new vehicle, the management of validation tests has become increasingly strategic to the automaker, contributing to realization of the tests with the least number of prototypes or pre-series vehicles, optimizing in this way, the costs and available resources. This article aims to present, in general, the competencies of Brazilian's experimental engineering PSA Peugeot Citroën in the management of validation tests for a new project vehicle for Mercosur.
2010-36-0092 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: The competencies of Brazilian's experimental engineering in planning and realization validation's tests of the vehicles during the phase of project
Autoria: ERIK TELLES PASCOAL
Resumo: The advancement of technology leads the auto industry to develop new products and increasingly with greater speed and quality assured to meet the needs of the consumer market, ensuring the competitiveness of automakers. The reduction of costs and time for the development of new products are highly desired items and the phase of validation / testing is an important step in this process to ensure compliance and quality of the product since its launch. Among the various activities that integrate the process of developing a new vehicle, the management of validation tests has become increasingly strategic to the automaker, contributing to realization of the tests with the least number of prototypes or pre-series vehicles, optimizing in this way, the costs and available resources. This article aims to present, in general, the competencies of Brazilian's experimental engineering PSA Peugeot Citroën in the management of validation tests for a new project vehicle for Mercosur.
2010-36-0094 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Influence of backpressure's Measurement Method on Exhaust System Development and its Acoustics Package
Autoria: RICARDO DE OLIVEIRA SILVA
Resumo: The present article shows the influence of the measurement method on a transversal section of exhaust system, downstream of the manifold, the dimensional and the acoustics package simulation. Far this task the same system section was instrumented with five different configurations; the values of backpressure were measured on maximum power and used as data for the GTPOWER software to make a virtual simulation of acoustics intensity as a function of engine speed. Therefore it was possible to compare the virtual curves with the real measured values of acoustics intensity. Due to the stream lines influence of the analyzed section, we obtained different values of backpressure and curves of acoustics intensity. Finally, it is shown the measured value of backpressure which has the best correlation with the real measurement and identifies the measurement method with piezo ring as the best configuration.
2010-36-0094 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Influence of backpressure's Measurement Method on Exhaust System Development and its Acoustics Package
Autoria:
Resumo: The present article shows the influence of the measurement method on a transversal section of exhaust system, downstream of the manifold, the dimensional and the acoustics package simulation. Far this task the same system section was instrumented with five different configurations; the values of backpressure were measured on maximum power and used as data for the GTPOWER software to make a virtual simulation of acoustics intensity as a function of engine speed. Therefore it was possible to compare the virtual curves with the real measured values of acoustics intensity. Due to the stream lines influence of the analyzed section, we obtained different values of backpressure and curves of acoustics intensity. Finally, it is shown the measured value of backpressure which has the best correlation with the real measurement and identifies the measurement method with piezo ring as the best configuration.
2010-36-0095 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Manufatura
Título do Paper: Cylinder head valve seats insertion simulation using finite elements non linear dynamic explicit method
Autoria:
Resumo: In this work the explicit finite elements method (FEM) was used to verify the technical feasibility of a passenger car cylinder head valve seats insertion process, under interference, at ambient temperature. In current production process, valve seat rings nitrogen chilling is used to make rings penetration easier at the cylinder head. The proposed valve seats insertion process eliminates nitrogen chilling, maintaining current processes speed and force parameters. A new valve seat external profile was used to reduce stress during insertion process. With the ring chilling removal, tensions and strains on the head and rings tend to be more critical. This simulation main objective is to evaluate the proposed cylinder head valves seats insertion production process effectiveness. This will allow forecasting and solving productive process problems before its implementation, and foreseeing final product quality. The explicit finite elements method is normally used to simulate stamping processes or crash tests. The proposed application shows that the method can be used in other areas including powertrain.
2010-36-0096 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: CO2 emission reduction through mass and friction reduction in the components of an OTTO cycle flexible engine
Autoria: JARDEL CASTRO FOLCO'
Resumo: The present article shows the effect of the mass and friction reduction inside the engine over the carbonic gas emission reduction in the atmosphere. Authors have confirmed that the mass reduction and low friction in the internal components of the OTTO cycle engine, achieved by exhaust and admission valves re-dimensioning and sealer’s substitution can help to reduce fuel consumption and, consequently, CO2, the main greenhouse effect gas. It is exposed and discussed different measurements of torque and power curves, friction power, and specific fuel consumption compared in the same engine without the proposed improving actions.
2010-36-0097 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Manufatura
Título do Paper: Computational simulation applied to planning and project of the body shop area in the automotive industry
Autoria:
Resumo: Globalization has increased competition in the automotive industry and the search for new products, technologies and, in special, leaner and more economically viable manufacturing processes. In this scenario, pressures to reduce the development time of new products have made it necessary to also reduce the development time of new manufacturing processes. Manufacturing development and planning are complex processes as they engage different areas of the company, require high investment and involve different technologies. Manufacturing engineering is the area in charge of planning, project and implementation of new manufacturing for new products. The central aim of this study is the conceptualization and application of computational simulation of processes applied to the planning and project phases of manual and automated assembly lines by means of computational tools. The focus will lie on the body shop area, where the highest degree of automation and complexity are to be found. The advantages obtained in the planning and project phases are the reduction in investments, reduction in the time to introduce a new process, early identification of production bottlenecks, and definition of the required quantity of intermediary stocks, which directly influence process times and variable costs. The concepts proposed here are validated by case studies, with the presentation of actual data concerning the launch of two new models, one in an existing production line and the other in a line specifically developed for the model.
2010-36-0098 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: The Organization of Quality Engineering in the process of developing a new vehicle: an overview of the different tools and methodologies from conception to launch
Autoria: ERIK TELLES PASCOAL
Resumo: The current competitive and global scenario in which the auto industry is inserted has imposed a dynamic of the new releases of vehicles in a shorter space of time, but in contrast with a pattern of increasingly higher quality. This new practice of the market has forced the Project teams of auto industry a permanent pace of launches of new car models every year, and that meet the specifications and quality requirements of internal and external customers increasingly demanding. The main challenge that the auto industry faces up today is how to ensure, during the project that their methodologies and tools of quality are adapted to this environment so dynamic and get, in this period of development increasingly reduced, the expected results for the commercial launch vehicle. This article aims to present the main methodologies and tools used by Quality Engineering at PSA Peugeot Citroën during a project of a new vehicle since the design phase until to the launch.
2010-36-0100 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Influence fuel heating in the generation of CO2
Autoria:
Resumo: The introduction of E100 ethanol transportation fuel into the Brazilian Market in the 1970’s while presenting an effective alternative to petroleum based fuels, did create the need of a new, additional fuel subsystem. This is due to the fact that cold starting in Brazil, typically between 18°C and -5°C, requires some form of assistance due to the 12°C, single evaporation point of the ethanol (E100), which may contain 7% of water legally. The subsystem adopted, and still widely in use today, is that of a secondary fuel system which stores and distributes gasoline or gasoline with 22% ethanol, to various locations in the engine intake manifold during cold starting to assure adequate start results. The gasoline sub-tank system has a number of significant drawbacks and currently, the suppliers to the market are introducing several new cold starting systems designed to replace the gasoline sub-tank by heating of the primary ethanol fuel to overcome its difficulties with evaporation in cold starting conditions. The low vapor pressure conditions above mentioned demand an injection of ethanol much richer than the gasoline in order to assure drivability of the vehicle, this demand leads to increased emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons. This paper will investigate the question if by the heating of fuel containing ethanol the dioxide (CO2) generation can be reduced. The investigation will be performed on two production vehicle equipped with fuel heating system, called FLEXSTART®.
2010-36-0100 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Influence fuel heating in the generation of CO2
Autoria: HEITOR MOREIRA CAVALHIERI
Resumo: The introduction of E100 ethanol transportation fuel into the Brazilian Market in the 1970’s while presenting an effective alternative to petroleum based fuels, did create the need of a new, additional fuel subsystem. This is due to the fact that cold starting in Brazil, typically between 18°C and -5°C, requires some form of assistance due to the 12°C, single evaporation point of the ethanol (E100), which may contain 7% of water legally. The subsystem adopted, and still widely in use today, is that of a secondary fuel system which stores and distributes gasoline or gasoline with 22% ethanol, to various locations in the engine intake manifold during cold starting to assure adequate start results. The gasoline sub-tank system has a number of significant drawbacks and currently, the suppliers to the market are introducing several new cold starting systems designed to replace the gasoline sub-tank by heating of the primary ethanol fuel to overcome its difficulties with evaporation in cold starting conditions. The low vapor pressure conditions above mentioned demand an injection of ethanol much richer than the gasoline in order to assure drivability of the vehicle, this demand leads to increased emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons. This paper will investigate the question if by the heating of fuel containing ethanol the dioxide (CO2) generation can be reduced. The investigation will be performed on two production vehicle equipped with fuel heating system, called FLEXSTART®.
2010-36-0102 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Investigation of loading conditions influence using dynamic bearing models for energy efficiency system design
Autoria: FERNANDA PRESTES DA SILVA MELO
Resumo: The challenge to find optimal solutions regarding energy efficiency in vehicle systems such as transmissions, engine and chassis involves the understanding of friction torque, friction losses and loading conditions interactions. Design variables such as internal dimensions, component profile and roughness will lead to a final component from which needs input energy to start and maintain movement. Even a component without load requires a minimal amount of energy and assembled in a vehicle will contribute to fuel consumption and emissions. The same component over loading conditions will turn these values higher due to the energy balance. Using engineering modeling techniques the loading conditions, such as radial forces and rotation speed were implemented by parametric analysis and a dynamic model was built to obtain the variable contribution in energy based design. The proposal of this work is to define when the design needs to change in order to attend not only structural, durability and comfort specifications, as well regional emission standards.
2010-36-0102 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Investigation of loading conditions influence using dynamic bearing models for energy efficiency system design
Autoria:
Resumo: The challenge to find optimal solutions regarding energy efficiency in vehicle systems such as transmissions, engine and chassis involves the understanding of friction torque, friction losses and loading conditions interactions. Design variables such as internal dimensions, component profile and roughness will lead to a final component from which needs input energy to start and maintain movement. Even a component without load requires a minimal amount of energy and assembled in a vehicle will contribute to fuel consumption and emissions. The same component over loading conditions will turn these values higher due to the energy balance. Using engineering modeling techniques the loading conditions, such as radial forces and rotation speed were implemented by parametric analysis and a dynamic model was built to obtain the variable contribution in energy based design. The proposal of this work is to define when the design needs to change in order to attend not only structural, durability and comfort specifications, as well regional emission standards.
2010-36-0103 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Proper maintenance and fewer accidents
Autoria: HÉLIO DA FONSECA CARDOSO
Resumo: Inovações tecnológicas se apresentam a cada dia e são inseridas nos veículos automotores transmitindo aos compradores a sensação de conforto e segurança. Isto, porém, não é suficiente para que diminuam os acidentes e incidentes relacionados à manutenção daqueles bens. O conhecimento técnico dos envolvidos nas atividades, a utilização do ferramental adequado, peças e componentes de boa qualidade e dispositivos para medição e controle são a chave para uma redução gradativa e consciente das tragédias que acontecem no dia a dia. Neste trabalho mostraremos um pouco do que a irresponsabilidade dos engenheiros, técnicos e mecânicos provoca e algumas formas simples de melhorar este cenário tão danoso.
2010-36-0104 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Implementation of a test-bench solution for loudspeaker quality characterization
Autoria: FABIO GUILHERME FERRAZ
Resumo: Vehicle audio system performance is an important attribute for final costumers. Usually the system performance is evaluated by subjective judgments and also some sort of objective measurements, as for example: reverberation time measurement of the internal cabin, frequency response and harmonic distortion. But all of these measurements are performed by the automaker at vehicle level - with audio system and speakers installed inside the vehicle cabin - for general quality inspections and definition of some spatial parameters of internal trim design. Loudspeaker performance evaluation usually requires great amount of investments due to the acoustic chamber requirements. This work presents the home implementation of a test-bench solution used for loudspeaker quality evaluation that uses time selective techniques enabling measurement of free field response of loudspeakers to be performed without the need of an anechoic chamber, allowing the conduction of the measurement in a low cost test-bench, inside an ordinary quiet room, without spent large facility investments.
2010-36-0105 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Suspensão
Título do Paper: TIRE SIZE AND INFLATION PRESSURE INFLUENCE ON STATIC STEERING EFFORT
Autoria: DANIEL VILELA
Resumo: The required hand wheel effort the driver inputs into the steering wheel during parking maneuvers is an important design factor for a vehicle, that has a strong influence on the customers overall perception of steering performance. During the development of a new vehicle, the designer is faced by the challenge of achieving the desired level of steering effort without jeopardizing other handling characteristics, like steering sensitivity and on-center performance. The suspension and steering tuning to achieve the adequate trade-off between these different metrics is especially critical for manual steering systems, which is a very common configuration for emerging market vehicles. In addition, due to communization of architectures, it is common that a vehicle with a manual steering system must share common suspension components and geometric parameters with configurations that have power steering assistance, making this trade-off even more difficult. The objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of tire size and inflation pressure on static steering effort. This was quantified by objective measurements of steering wheel torque for parking maneuvers over a surface with controlled friction coefficient, changing only the tire parameters. The interaction of these parameters with other handling metrics is a natural sequence of this work, however is not being evaluated here due time and resource restrictions. In the sequence of the physical measurements, the results obtained have been compared against analytical predictions of the static steering effort, where the tire scrub torque has been calculated using finite element models that consider all relevant parameters of the tires physically evaluated including the non-linear effects. The results of this study allowed the understanding of the tire parameters that affected the most the static steering effort within the studied range. Finally, the correlation of the analytical simulation results with the physical measurements makes it possible for the both the vehicle and the tire development teams to design and specify tires that can help meeting specific static steering effort targets early in the development cycle, taking advantage of reduced time and costs associated with the usage of early virtual assessments.
2010-36-0107 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Sensitivity Analysis for the Lubricant Film in Bearings Under THD Lubrication
Autoria: DIOGO STUANI ALVES
Resumo: The study about the dynamic characteristics of a great number of mechanical parts has been promoted by the necessity of decreasing the vibrational effects in mechanical systems, as the reduction of superficial fatigue. In this way, the research around, even, a simple part like a hydrodynamic bearing is very important, especially in the automotive industry. In this case, the lubricant acts like a flexible liking element between the journalbearing surfaces. The lubrication is essential for the engine, because it reduces the wear between the internal parts and prevents the metal contact. Due to the shear stresses present in the lubricant, the temperature rises and, consequently, it changes the lubricant properties. The viscosity is strongly dependent on the temperature and it is the parameter that characterizes the fluid flow and its dynamic behavior. Any temperature change induces a consequent modification in the lubricant behavior. Therefore, a thermohydrodynamics (THD) analysis allows a most accurate prediction of the bearings performance characteristics. It’s known that the engine’s crankshaft works, partially, in contact with the bearing wall, due to the great force imposed by the combustion. So, this paper aims the study of the limit conditions of the hydrodynamic lubrication for different types of oils and for the THD and HD approach.
2010-36-0113 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: Evaluation of the Influence of Recycled Rubber Powder in the Natural Rubber Compound Properties for Engineering Parts of the Automotive Sector
Autoria: DAVI FELIPE PESSOA
Resumo: Due to the cross-linked structure and presence of antidegradants, the decomposition of rubber products is very hard and results in many environmental problems. Thus, rubber recycling is strongly aimed for more sustainable technological projects. One of the most attractive recycling methods is the rubber residue granulation and addition of it as raw material in fresh rubber compounds. In this study, the effect of recycled rubber powder (RRP) on the cure characteristics and properties of natural rubber (NR) used in automotive engineering parts were investigated. The rubber compound residues were processed by criomechanical grinding and two particle grades were obtained having 40 mesh (425 5m) and 80 mesh (180 5m). The RRP content in the fresh NR compounds varied until 120 phr. The results showed that the values of ML (minimum torque) and Mooney viscosity of the NR compound increased with the RRP addition. Meanwhile, the T90 (optimum cure time), maximum torque, tensile strength, M100 (tensile at 100% of elongation), fatigue life and tear propagation resistance decreased. The MH (maximum torque), Ts1 (safety time), hardness, elongation strength, M300 (tensile at 300% of elongation) and tear resistance values changed according to RRP particle size and amount in the NR compound. The main goal of this study was achieved since considerable quantities of RRP could be added into the NR compounds without significant changes in their properties. The RRP amount to be added in the NR compound will be driven by the required properties for the engineering spare part.
2010-36-0116 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Contact Pressure Analysis of Rolling Bearing Raceways with Geometrical Singularities
Autoria: ARTHUR DE ANDRADE GASPAROTI
Resumo: Sustainability is the focus of most engineering projects nowadays. The challenge of taking the efficiency to its maximum, in order to reduce the CO2 emission, became so hard that even a minor innovation is a relevant step. Among the efficiency villains in automotive branch it is possible to quote the mechanical friction losses. One of the main factors concerning to these sort of losses is the contact pressure in rolling bearings. This pressure is highly influenced by singularities on raceways. Different geometry profiles can be a friction source, affecting the usage and leading to a wasteful exploitation. This paper aims to scrutinize the influence that different abnormalities on raceways has on the contact pressure of high speed and low load axial ball bearings. The study will be based on numerical simulations on a contact calculation software. The contact pressure will be evaluated around the edges of dented, bulged, grooved and ridged profiles.
2010-36-0117 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Hydrodynamic Lubrication Evaluation of Thrust Bearings
Autoria: LEONARDO CARPINETTI VIEIRA
Resumo: The pressure generation within the lubricant fluid present in the clearance between a thrust bearing and the collar attached to the shaft has a fundamental importance to avoid contact between solid parts with axial relative motion. Any existing contact can lead to friction, wear and, as a consequence, failure of elements on a rotating machine. Therefore, in order to design an effective bearing, it is important to know how the pressure is generated within the oil film and the magnitude of the load capacity transmitted from the collar to the bearing throughout the fluid. Thus, it is necessary to solve the Reynolds’ Equation to obtain the distribution of pressure on the sections under Hydrodynamic Lubrication. Then several operational parameters can be obtained, such as, the total load capacity, lubricant fluid flow, position of the maximum pressure and so on. In order to evaluate this hydrodynamic lubrication problem, a numerical solution using the Finite Difference Method in polar co-ordinates was applied. Operational characteristics of several thrust bearings with different geometries were evaluated. The analysis allowed the comparison amongst the effects caused by the set of parameters involved, such as area of the flat part of the pad, film thickness and sector radii. Also the influence of the parameters on the results of the distribution of pressure and the calculated load capacity is evaluated, as well as the evaluation of the optimum dimensions for bearings and its influence on the component efficiency.
2010-36-0119 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Modifications in CFR Engine in Order to Measure Overall Burning Time
Autoria: DÍOCLES DALÁVIA
Resumo: Empirical rules for relating location of peak cylinder pressure to ignition advance at Maximum Break Torque (MBT) may be used to optimize either engines or fuel. Understanding the influences of several variables on overall burning time is possible by resorting to suitable instrument and data acquisition systems, non-standard on Cooperative Fuel Research engines (CFR engines). This work describes general aspects of the CFR engine instrument set updating aiming at reducing operator influence on measurement results, while also allowing overall burning time measurement and assessment of correlated variables influencing the combustion duration. A programmable Electronic Control Unit (ECU) operating under closed loop conditions, digital temperature controllers and a data acquisition system were retrofitted on a CFR engine. In order to evaluate the variables influencing the CFR engine combustion duration, it was necessary both to perform modifications on the control and fuel supply systems and to install complementary sensors, devices and a man-machine interface (MMI). These modifications further allow varying the relative air-fuel ratio (λ lambda), as well as the intake air and air-fuel mixture temperatures, oil temperature, fuel injection phase and pressure, and spark advance within wide limits in a controllable way. Thus, establishing the influence of these variables on overall burning time becomes possible. For the purpose of this paper and using the modifications and performed measures, the combustion duration limits was found to be from 5 to 6.2 ms, corresponding to the mean combustion speed from 12 to 16 m/s, about 33 times the laminar flame speed of most hydrocarbons at 1 bar, 25ºC and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.
2010-36-0119 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Modifications in CFR Engine in Order to Measure Overall Burning Time
Autoria:
Resumo: Empirical rules for relating location of peak cylinder pressure to ignition advance at Maximum Break Torque (MBT) may be used to optimize either engines or fuel. Understanding the influences of several variables on overall burning time is possible by resorting to suitable instrument and data acquisition systems, non-standard on Cooperative Fuel Research engines (CFR engines). This work describes general aspects of the CFR engine instrument set updating aiming at reducing operator influence on measurement results, while also allowing overall burning time measurement and assessment of correlated variables influencing the combustion duration. A programmable Electronic Control Unit (ECU) operating under closed loop conditions, digital temperature controllers and a data acquisition system were retrofitted on a CFR engine. In order to evaluate the variables influencing the CFR engine combustion duration, it was necessary both to perform modifications on the control and fuel supply systems and to install complementary sensors, devices and a man-machine interface (MMI).
2010-36-012 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: TI - Tecnologia da Informação
Título do Paper: The universe on board of the vehicles through the human-machine interface: an exploration about their horizons and boundaries
Autoria: ERIK TELLES PASCOAL
Resumo: In recent years, the perception and use of the car has evolved greatly in response to a growing need for mobility of different customers. Currently, a significant number of drivers spend more and more time inside their vehicles, and due to this fact, the interior of cars has become a new living space in which the human-machine interface (HMI) is becoming an increasingly important. Thus, the HMI embedded in vehicles is a response to users' needs by offering among other features, the control commands of the vehicles, systems to aid the driver and multimedia services. The major automakers, attentive to this trend, have been releasing new models of vehicles on which the HMI has its place of prominence. This work mainly aims to present some examples of recent innovations in HMI and also draw a survey of the horizons and boundaries of HMI in the future.
2010-36-0122 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Dynamic Safety Assessment Using Objective Test Methods – Latest Developments of Evalue Project
Autoria:
Resumo: The dynamic safety concept comprises all the active safety vehicle characteristics supporting the driver in critical dynamic manoeuvres. Dynamic safety is therefore a major active safety requirement with great potential for reducing road accidents throughout the world. It is the combination of not only active chassis systems (ESC, ABS,…) but also passive chassis systems (tires, suspension,…) which determines the overall dynamic safety performance of the vehicle. This paper describes a set of test procedures which cover with only a few specific manoeuvres the widest possible range of critical dynamic situations. Beyond a simple pass/fail result, these test procedures will be able to quantify and therefore compare the dynamic safety performance. These results could be used by the suitable organisations to define a rating system to thereby increase public awareness of the dynamic safety performance of vehicles on the market. During the development of the test procedures, state-of-the-art test instrumentation is considered in order to maximise test objectiveness and repeatability. Furthermore, special emphasis is given to normalise test results with the aim of avoiding track/grip dependency and adapting the assessment to the different vehicle types. This paper summarizes the latest developments corresponding to the stability assistance domain of the European project eVALUE (Testing and Evaluation Methods of ICT-based Safety Systems, FP7 – ICT 1st call, grant agreement no. 215607). Its main focus is to define objective methods for the assessment of active safety performance.
2010-36-0122 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Dynamic Safety Assessment Using Objective Test Methods – Latest Developments of Evalue Project
Autoria: JOSEP M. DALMAU
Resumo: The dynamic safety concept comprises all the active safety vehicle characteristics supporting the driver in critical dynamic manoeuvres. Dynamic safety is therefore a major active safety requirement with great potential for reducing road accidents throughout the world. It is the combination of not only active chassis systems (ESC, ABS,…) but also passive chassis systems (tires, suspension,…) which determines the overall dynamic safety performance of the vehicle. This paper describes a set of test procedures which cover with only a few specific manoeuvres the widest possible range of critical dynamic situations. Beyond a simple pass/fail result, these test procedures will be able to quantify and therefore compare the dynamic safety performance. These results could be used by the suitable organisations to define a rating system to thereby increase public awareness of the dynamic safety performance of vehicles on the market. During the development of the test procedures, state-of-the-art test instrumentation is considered in order to maximise test objectiveness and repeatability. Furthermore, special emphasis is given to normalise test results with the aim of avoiding track/grip dependency and adapting the assessment to the different vehicle types. This paper summarizes the latest developments corresponding to the stability assistance domain of the European project eVALUE (Testing and Evaluation Methods of ICT-based Safety Systems, FP7 – ICT 1st call, grant agreement no. 215607). Its main focus is to define objective methods for the assessment of active safety performance.
2010-36-0123 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Influence of Different Geometries of Hydrodynamic Bearings in the Dynamic Response of a Rotating System
Autoria: TIAGO HENRIQUE MACHADO
Resumo: Hydrodynamic bearings are widely used in rotating machines, being the element responsible for the interaction between the rotor and the supporting structure. Therefore, in order to describe the dynamic behavior of the rotating shafts, it is necessary to know the journal bearings dynamic characteristics. For this reason, this work aims to analyze the influence of three different geometries of journal bearings when operating in a small turbocharger for vehicular application, which implies in high rotation speed and load capacity. In this paper the analysis will be done through the frequency response of the proposed system and the equivalent damping and stiffness coefficients coming from the oil film present in the bearings. These dynamic coefficients are obtained with a spring-damper approach, in order to represent the inherent flexibility and damping of the oil film. The equivalent coefficients of the journal bearings are derivated by computational simulation, solving the Reynolds equation. In this case, the coefficients are evaluated by the perturbation theory applied to the displacements and velocities of the shaft center inside the bearings. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to analyze the frequency response of the system as well as the equivalent dynamic coefficients obtained for the three different bearings and verify the sensitivity of these bearings in the frequency domain response of the shaft-bearing system.
2010-36-0124 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Interpretation, Evaluation, Implementation of Methodology in Planning for New Production Processes
Autoria: MARCIO ROGERIO AZEVEDO LIMA
Resumo: The Brazilian automotive industry is currently in a period of rapid growth, each manufacturer has as its goal the conquest of new markets. Thus, new demands and criteria of selection for the products offered by the industries will emerge. One of these requirements will be environmental issues. The question of sustainability will be considered as a differential in the purchasing of a product. The currently tool used in the European Community to quantify the environmental impact of their processes and products is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). By involving a large amount of data, performing an LCA requires the aid of a computer system. In the German headquarters of Volkswagen, this system is the Gabi 4 software which follows the procedures of the environmental standard ISO 14040 series. To keep the pattern in the flow of information, the Brazilian branch is starting to implement LCA in planning their production processes using the same system. So, in this paper, two cases of analysis of life cycle processes used at Volkswagen will be presented. The results represent consistent data for which the choice of more sustainable solution can be taken. Keyword: life cycle assessment; environmental management; industrial ecology.
2010-36-0125 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Influence of sampling of finished pieces of cast iron to determine the level of carbon through the Combustion
Autoria: CARLA SOARES SOUZA
Resumo: Cast iron is a material with a solid history of use in the automotive industry because of its excellent mechanical properties that give it great versatility combined with a low cost. Sampling of cast iron for chemical analysis, mainly on the content of carbon, should receive special attention because this material has a large amount of free graphite (carbon graphite) present in its structure. This work studied the influence of the sampling of parts or components into cast iron in the chemical analysis of carbon through combustion, according to ASTM e1019-88. The types of sampling: 1) Production of metal powders by drill; 2) Pecking of the component into small pieces; 3) Remelting of the components (in induction furnace in argon atmosphere) and subsequent pecking of the tablet obtained.
2010-36-0125 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Influence of sampling of finished pieces of cast iron to determine the level of carbon through the Combustion
Autoria:
Resumo: Cast iron is a material with a solid history of use in the automotive industry because of its excellent mechanical properties that give it great versatility combined with a low cost. Sampling of cast iron for chemical analysis, mainly on the content of carbon, should receive special attention because this material has a large amount of free graphite (carbon graphite) present in its structure. This work studied the influence of the sampling of parts or components into cast iron in the chemical analysis of carbon through combustion, according to ASTM e1019-88. The types of sampling: 1) Production of metal powders by drill; 2) Pecking of the component into small pieces; 3) Remelting of the components (in induction furnace in argon atmosphere) and subsequent pecking of the tablet obtained.
2010-36-0129 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Electrical terminals thickness reduction study using Design of Experiments (DOE) and Virtual Simulation
Autoria: CRISTIANO MARQUES DE OLIVEIRA
Resumo: Os terminais elétricos utilizados nos veículos são aplicados com cabos de diversas bitolas, determinadas de acordo com os requisitos elétricos do sistema. Devido à grande diversidade de combinações de aplicação de terminais e cabos, em muitos casos são utilizados terminais de capacidade de corrente máxima maior que a capacidade do cabo aplicado. Portanto, tem-se a oportunidade de estudo para redução da espessura nos terminais, desde que se mantenha a confiabilidade do contato, dada pela força de contato mínima e aquecimento máximo permitido. Este trabalho descreve o estudo realizado utilizando Projeto de Experimentos (DOE) e Simulação Virtual para encontrar os níveis confiáveis de redução de espessura considerando dois cenários de força mínima de contato inicial.
2010-36-0130 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Ethanol Usage in Urban Public Transportation - Presentation of Results
Autoria: SÍLVIA MARIA STORTINI GONZÁLEZ VELÁZQUEZ
Resumo: The usage of ethanol in buses is a reality in cities from Sweden, such as Stockholm. The technology of diesel bus adapted to operate with ethanol has been used in that country since 1985, with great success, mainly in the environmental point of view. With the intent of encouraging ethanol usage in urban public transportation aiming, among other goals, at the reduction of atmospheric pollution in the big urban centers, the BEST Project – BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport was created. Besides São Paulo (pioneer in the Americas), this project, encouraged by the European Union, counts with eight other cities located in Europe and Asia. In Brazil, the project was developed and coordinated by CENBIO – Brazilian Reference Center on Biomass, from the Electrotechnics and Energy Institute of USP. With the partnership of other institutions, the project is developed since 2007 and currently counts on two diesel buses adapted to operate with ethanol. The buses circulate in operatives from EMTU – São Paulo Metropolitan Company for Urban Transports, in the Jabaquara – São Mateus line, and in operative from SPTrans – São Paulo Transportations, in the Lapa – Vila Mariana corridor. This paper has as its purpose to present the BEST Project in Brazil, its partners and, mainly, the results from the demonstration tests performed in field, as well as the proposals of public policies that were elaborated and are being implemented. It is worth remembering that the technology of the buses pays attention to the EURO 5 strict emission Standards, a norm that was recently invigorated in Europe.
2010-36-0133 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Flex Fuel Vehicles - The End Customer Perspective
Autoria: MARCOS MELO ARAUJO
Resumo: O etanol, há cerca de 30 anos, é parte fundamental na historia e na evolução da indústria automobilística brasileira e da busca do país pela auto-suficiência em relação ao petróleo. Com a introdução dos antigos veículos a álcool e mais recentemente, a partir de 2003, dos veículos flex fuel ou bi-combustíveis. Além das enormes conseqüências para a evolução da indústria ocorreu, também, significativo impacto sobre o consumidor brasileiro. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de pesquisas realizadas com o consumidor final, onde buscou-se identificar aspectos positivos e negativos da experiência dos usuários com veículos flex fuel. Alem disso, avaliou-se a reação dos usuários frente a possíveis alternativas técnicas para os pontos críticos identificados.
2010-36-0133 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Flex Fuel Vehicles - The End Customer Perspective
Autoria:
Resumo: O etanol, há cerca de 30 anos, é parte fundamental na historia e na evolução da indústria automobilística brasileira e da busca do país pela auto-suficiência em relação ao petróleo. Com a introdução dos antigos veículos a álcool e mais recentemente, a partir de 2003, dos veículos flex fuel ou bi-combustíveis. Além das enormes conseqüências para a evolução da indústria ocorreu, também, significativo impacto sobre o consumidor brasileiro. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de pesquisas realizadas com o consumidor final, onde buscou-se identificar aspectos positivos e negativos da experiência dos usuários com veículos flex fuel. Alem disso, avaliou-se a reação dos usuários frente a possíveis alternativas técnicas para os pontos críticos identificados.
2010-36-0137 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Introduction of Virtual Spray Vessel (VSV) simulation approach to improve the optimization level of mass-produced 3rd generation fuel injectors for SFS-Flex fuel systems.
Autoria: MICHAEL PONTOPPIDAN
Resumo: The success obtained by use of Virtual Engine Modeling (VEM) in the design and development areas of fuel injectors generated a lot of interest from production and quality engineers to dispose of a similar tool related to spray vessel measurements. To respond to stringent PL6/EURO5 requirements it was decided to develop a Virtual Spray Vessel (VSV) tool capable of predicting spray patters and perform droplet diameter analysis comparable to Phase Doppler Analysis (PDA) results. The paper describes the analogies between VEM and VSV modeling, the specific new numerical approaches to obtain spatial spray data comparable to conventional mechanical measurement techniques and to perform droplet diameter analysis comparable to PDA data. The paper concludes with a series of comparisons of simulated and experimental data.
2010-36-0139 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Landing Gear Free-Fall Simulation and Kinetic Energy Optimization
Autoria: MÁRIO MAIA NETO
Resumo: The free-fall operation comprises a redundant, dissimilar and independent mechanically operated method of extending airplane landing gear due to a main hydraulic system failure or an electrical system malfunction. However, the emergency extension operation system design is not unique and spring-assisted, auxiliary hydraulics-assisted or even pneumatics-assisted landing gear free-fall design can be found in different airplanes. This paper aims at describing the model simulation and the optimization of certain parameters related to the associated hydraulic system, for emergency operation condition, in a non-assisted system configuration comprising simple extension by gravity. Since the free-fall modeling involves different subjects like landing gear extension dynamics, hydraulic actuator kinematics, fluid mechanics and even aerodynamic drag, which illustrates the complexity behind its simulation and optimization, a deep literature review was accomplished in order to support all the formulation necessary to make the modeling feasible. For this purpose, a parametric model was created in MATLAB Simulink, which, by means of an iterative process, allowed the determination of specific parameters values that optimized the damping for that operation. Parameters like restrictor orifices and hydraulic actuator piston areas were evaluated for a chosen landing gear configuration and system performance optimized through the assistance of MATLAB optimization tools. Finally, the purpose of the optimum damping comprised the attenuation of the impact effects suffered by aircraft structure when landing gear falls by gravity in an emergency operation, as well as the assurance of sufficient energy for landing gear locking at the end of its downward movement.
2010-36-0140 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Methodology Proposal to the Process of Product Development: a Model for Application to the Design of Baja
Autoria: CRISTIANO JOSÉ SCHEUER
Resumo: Recognized the increasing complexity involved in the design process of Baja SAEs that occurred in face of ever greater demands by the organ that regulates competition and, considering the trend for this factor and also the current increase in competitiveness among the teams , it is important to the implementation of models structured and systematic approach to information related to the design of cars, in order to generate competitive advantage in this phase, by using methods of project development that will ensure that the resulting product meets the scope, quality, cost and time. Inserted in this context, this article aims to define the proposal for a reference model that will guide the sequencing of activities involved in the design of a Baja SAE, going from design stage to manufacture. This modeling is accomplished through the adaptation of macrophases of designing the Reference Model for Process Development of Agricultural Machinery - MR-PDMA - the design of a Baja SAE. The macrophases of designing of such a model is composed of the phases of Informational Design, Conceptual Design, Preliminary Design and Detailed Design, where each phase consists of activities, which are subdivided into specific tasks, which lead to the progressive development team design and planning of manufacturing. The results of the implementation of the proposed methodology are examined using the technique of case study with the team Bombaja - UFSM. These results help to confirm that the method is to implement improvements in the development process. Thus, the model generated contributes to the Baja SAE teams start to implement the development activities of the project in a systematic way, avoiding mistakes, inconsistencies and other flaws that may occur during their execution.
2010-36-0143 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Ergonomics in a vehicle mini baja
Autoria: MARCO TÚLIO DOMINGUES COSTA
Resumo: A relação ergonômica ao qual um indivíduo está exposto é baseada numa interação homem-máquinaambiente. O estudo ergonômico visa analisar melhor um tipo específico de interação homem-máquina e facilitar a determinação de um sistema adequado à atividade pré-determinada. A melhor definição das dimensões de um veículo permite oferecer maior conforto e dinamismo nas operações do piloto. O estudo ergonômico no indivíduo é chamado antropometria e é utilizada para adaptar o meio às medidas do corpo humano. No mini baja, a análise das medidas deve ser feita sobre o corpo do piloto, sendo essas medidas de suma importância para a determinação da área da gaiola disponível, bem como da melhor localização dos instrumentos (volante, pedais, câmbio) necessários à pilotagem.
2010-36-0144 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Determination of biodiesel oxidation stability of biodiesel B100 with optical spectroscopies of eletronic absorption UV-Visible correlation with Rancimat method DIN EN 14112
Autoria:
Resumo: Biodiesel is a biodegradable fuel that consists of alkyl esters, obtained from renewable sources, vegetal oil and animal fats reacting with a short-chain of aliphatic alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol) in the presence of an catalyst (reaction known as transesterification). An important property to use the biodiesel as fuel in diesel engines is its oxidation stability because biodiesel can contain unsaturated fatty acids, wich are susceptible to oxidation, being able to change into polymerized compounds, which can cause engine problems such as blocked fuel filters.
2010-36-0144 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Determination of biodiesel oxidation stability of biodiesel B100 with optical spectroscopies of eletronic absorption UV-Visible correlation with Rancimat method DIN EN 14112
Autoria: CHARLES CORRÊA CONCONI
Resumo: Biodiesel is a biodegradable fuel that consists of alkyl esters, obtained from renewable sources, vegetal oil and animal fats reacting with a short-chain of aliphatic alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol) in the presence of an catalyst (reaction known as transesterification). An important property to use the biodiesel as fuel in diesel engines is its oxidation stability because biodiesel can contain unsaturated fatty acids, wich are susceptible to oxidation, being able to change into polymerized compounds, which can cause engine problems such as blocked fuel filters. Numerous analytical methods have been applied to determine oxidation stability, European Union and Brazil use the same method DIN EN 14112 - known as Rancimat method that consists in the sample heating to 110ºC where the products formed by the decomposition are blown inside by a flow of air in to measurement cell with distilled water. The time of induction is determined by the measure of the conductivity being minimum limit to be approved according to the Brasilian and European Union standard is 6 hours. As alternative to this method it was developed a correlation study of the obtained by the method DIN EN 14112 - Rancimat with the method using UV-Vis in the wavelength of 550 nm getting R2 = 0,9767 indicate that the model fits better the data, shorter answer response time, only one minute and small amount of sample and the possibility of its reuse.
2010-36-0145 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Contribution of digital mock-up in manufacturability’s analysis of automotive products based on Lean Product Development Process
Autoria: FÁBIO RODRIGUES DA SILVA
Resumo: The competitiveness of the global automotive market demands that car companies provide a continuous stream of new products to maintain their levels of market share. The ability to develop innovative and quality products on the market, became the hallmark of successful businesses competitive. Experts identified the development of products in this high-pressure environment as fundamental to organizational survival. This paper aims to demonstrate practices that serve as mechanisms linking the Process Lean Product Development and Manufacturing System based on Lean Manufacturing. The analysis will be done in one step from product design, within a Concurrent Engineering environment, focused on the manufacturability by using digital mock-up's. It is expected gains in product performance on the factory floor, reducing rework in product design, and consequently a reduced lead-time total program. Will use a quantitative approach, in order to assess results on a program of a new vehicle, with the source data diaries, documents and historical development and manufacturability solutions for problems in three specific steps. For the analysis of data were used comparative figures between the time of development with the proposed methodology and time history with the traditional methods including time correction of problems not previously identified. The analyzes of the data and information obtained indicates that the analysis of manufacturability using digital mock-up's, can help with gains of around 15% for lead-time and a reduction in the order of 1.64 M € in total expenditures of the program, showing that the analysis for manufacturability, applied even at the embryonic stage of product development in an organization based on the Lean philosophy, contribute effectively in a program for new vehicles in the automotive industry.
2010-36-0147 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Applying Project Management concepts to Powertrain Integration Management when developing Global Products in the Automotive Industrytry
Autoria:
Resumo: Automotive is a competitive and dynamic industry requiring advanced technical tools in order to achieve optimal cost, timing, resources, with a balance of affordability and quality. The strategy of developing global products and platforms is a challenge to common project management practices. Powertrain Integration team is responsible for applying project management methodology in all 5 Powertrain pillars: Drive Train, Installations System, Control and Emissions, Fuel System and Engine teams. It is essential that project scope is controlled, assumptions are managed and the project execution is directed in order to meet financial (ATROS - after tax return on sales) and technical targets such as vehicle attributes and product requirements. Global teams bring many advantages to the company, nevertheless more complex project management techniques must be applied to the project. The objective of this paper is to show the use of Project Management Institute (PMI) practices - mainly contained in PMBOK (Project Management Body Of Knowledge) - to better develop integration and communication management inside Powertrain area. The implementation of these concepts in Ford Motor Company, where this study takes place, follows the Global Product Development System (GPDS) adopted inhouse. From Communications Management standpoint, the focus is strongly on dealing with different organizational structures with local and global staffs, however achieving the same goal despite of the roadblocks, such as time zones, cultural differences and language barriers. And for the Integration Management knowledge area, some processes show how Powertrain Integration team develops, manages, controls and directs all systems of the area and ties them together into one cohesive whole.
2010-36-0150 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Caracterização de Óleos Lubrificantes de Diferentes Bases e Graus de Viscosidade
Autoria: JOSÉ RICARDO SODRÉ
Resumo: Este trabalho permitiu avaliar o comportamento de óleos lubrificantes novos, de diferentes classificações e bases quando submetidos aos ensaios de caracterização. O ensaio de cor permitiu verificar a uniformidade dos óleos avaliados, enquanto o ensaio de viscosidade mostrou que óleos de mesma classificação SAE, mesmo de bases diferentes, possuem comportamentos semelhantes com a variação da temperatura. Os lubrificantes testados apresentaram uma variação de acidez maior do que os óleos básicos parafínicos de referência, podendo-se atribuir esta acidez aos aditivos presentes nos mesmos. A quantidade de cinzas sulfatadas foi coerente com as informações técnicas dos fabricantes e, assim como os resíduos de carbono, também permaneceram acima das especificações para óleos básicos. Porém, para o resíduo de carbono, não se pode afirmar se é indicativo de tendência à formação de depósitos de carbono sem comparação com óleos usados. Constatou-se ainda, diferenças significativas nos resultados de perda por evaporação entre os óleos analisados. As particularidades nos resultados foram observadas para a amostra de óleo de alta rodagem.
2010-36-0150 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Caracterização de Óleos Lubrificantes de Diferentes Bases e Graus de Viscosidade
Autoria:
Resumo: Este trabalho permitiu avaliar o comportamento de óleos lubrificantes novos, de diferentes classificações e bases quando submetidos aos ensaios de caracterização. O ensaio de cor permitiu verificar a uniformidade dos óleos avaliados, enquanto o ensaio de viscosidade mostrou que óleos de mesma classificação SAE, mesmo de bases diferentes, possuem comportamentos semelhantes com a variação da temperatura. Os lubrificantes testados apresentaram uma variação de acidez maior do que os óleos básicos parafínicos de referência, podendo-se atribuir esta acidez aos aditivos presentes nos mesmos.
2010-36-0152 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Brake stopping-distance tests: is there an optimum way to perform them?
Autoria:
Resumo: This work aims to study different ways to perform brake stopping-distance tests; to analyze the influence that parameters as Brakes, Tires, Road surface, Speed and Temperature can bring to the experiment; to show different measurement equipment that are used on these tests; to propose one harmonized method. Each company or each specialized Magazine seems to use their own methods and equipments to perform brake stopping-distance tests. The road and the tire usage can hardly influence on the performance. Temperature is also a very important parameter on these tests. The great variety of parameters bring in our minds the question if one brake distance measurement performed in one day with some car is comparable to another measurement, performed in another day. It will be also studied different equipments to measure the stopping distance as GPS; 5th wheels and Correvits. After analyzing the different Methods used by each company or Magazine, a new one will be proposed - trying to harmonize them in a method, which enables the comparison.
2010-36-0152 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Brake stopping-distance tests: is there an optimum way to perform them?
Autoria: LEIMAR SILVA SCHOTTZ MAFORT
Resumo: This work aims to study different ways to perform brake stopping-distance tests; to analyze the influence that parameters as Brakes, Tires, Road surface, Speed and Temperature can bring to the experiment; to show different measurement equipment that are used on these tests; to propose one harmonized method. Each company or each specialized Magazine seems to use their own methods and equipments to perform brake stopping-distance tests. The road and the tire usage can hardly influence on the performance. Temperature is also a very important parameter on these tests. The great variety of parameters bring in our minds the question if one brake distance measurement performed in one day with some car is comparable to another measurement, performed in another day. It will be also studied different equipments to measure the stopping distance as GPS; 5th wheels and Correvits. After analyzing the different Methods used by each company or Magazine, a new one will be proposed - trying to harmonize them in a method, which enables the comparison.
2010-36-0153 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: The Application of Virtual Engine in a PSA 1.4l SI Engine
Autoria: WALTER ZOTTIN
Resumo: Nowadays, due to the high competitiveness in the automotive market, the car manufacturers and the engine developers are concentrating as many efforts as possible in order to diminish the lead-time to production and to promote cost reductions of their engine developments. As a consequence, many systems and component tests are being substituted by numerical simulations, allowing a significant reduction in the amount of engine and bench tests. The integration of individual numerical simulation tools generates the philosophy of Virtual Engine Development, which is based on the concept of simulating as much as possible the entire engine as well as its components behaviors. This paper presents the application of Virtual Engine Development (VED) in a PSA 1.4l SI engine development. Theoretical results of engine performance as well as powercell components behavior such as piston, rings, conrod, bearings, liner, engine block and cylinder head, among others, are presented and discussed. Those simulations allowed a better knowledge of the entire engine system as well as the anticipation and solution of potential problems. To sum up, some numerical and experimental results comparisons are presented. Furthermore, a discussion over the achieved lead-time and cost reductions allowed by the application of Virtual Engine in this engine development is also presented.
2010-36-0154 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Design and analysis of aeronautical repair: fastened x bonded
Autoria: MARCELO LEITE RIBEIRO
Resumo: During the normal aircraft operation, some structural damages might occur due to, for example, bird strike or fatigue cracks. In order to keep the aircraft airworthiness, these damages could be repaired by bonded or fastened patches setting a new load path relieving the damaged structure. Bonded patches presents some advantages when compared with fastened ones, featuring better fatigue endurance and better finishing. The present work presents a study of advantages of bonded repair when compared to fastened repair, using a finite element analysis in order to model both type of structural repair. Thus, it is showed the repaired structure load redistribution, as well as, the nearby damage stress field modifications. Besides, the bonded repair is evaluated by a specific software for bonded join analysis (SAJ) developed by Aeronautical Structural Group of São Carlos Engineering School.
2010-36-0156 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Heated Injector Cold Start System for Flex-Fuel Motorcycles
Autoria:
Resumo: Nowadays more than a million and half motorcycles are produced every year. In the metropolitan areas, the amount of pollutant gases emitted by the small motorcycles, begin to be significant. For this reason, the Brazilian government established emissions laws for motorcycles to be effective since 2003. Historically, the cost of ethanol fuel is almost half of the gasoline and therefore is the fuel of choice of the majority of drivers. Moreover the use of ethanol is far better than gasoline in terms of emission of green house effect gases. In 2009, flex-fuel motorcycles begin to be sold to the public. As they lack a proper cold start system, when using only hydrous ethanol fuel (E100) and the ambient temperature is lower than 15 degrees Celsius, the motorcycle is difficult to start and does not have a good drivability. As mitigation action, the maker’s advice is to fuel the tank with at least 20% gasoline. This poses an inconvenience to the driver and avoids the optimal fuel cost. In order to solve this, a heated injector cold start system is proposed to flex-fuel motorcycles. The heated injector is provided with a heater at its tip, which is used to heat the fuel before the engine is cranked and for some time while the intake valve reaches its operational temperature. On top of that, using heated fuel might reduce the emission of HC and CO; minimizing the cost of exhaust gas after-treatment. It is also important to reduce emissions of unburned ethanol to the atmosphere to minimize generation of troposphere ozone, which is a harmful gas to health. This paper will present this cold start system in detail, showing comparison data of engine performance, drivability and emissions.
2010-36-0156 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Heated Injector Cold Start System for Flex-Fuel Motorcycles
Autoria: ORLANDO VOLPATO FILHO
Resumo: Nowadays more than a million and half motorcycles are produced every year. In the metropolitan areas, the amount of pollutant gases emitted by the small motorcycles, begin to be significant. For this reason, the Brazilian government established emissions laws for motorcycles to be effective since 2003. Historically, the cost of ethanol fuel is almost half of the gasoline and therefore is the fuel of choice of the majority of drivers. Moreover the use of ethanol is far better than gasoline in terms of emission of green house effect gases. In 2009, flex-fuel motorcycles begin to be sold to the public. As they lack a proper cold start system, when using only hydrous ethanol fuel (E100) and the ambient temperature is lower than 15 degrees Celsius, the motorcycle is difficult to start and does not have a good drivability. As mitigation action, the maker’s advice is to fuel the tank with at least 20% gasoline. This poses an inconvenience to the driver and avoids the optimal fuel cost. In order to solve this, a heated injector cold start system is proposed to flex-fuel motorcycles. The heated injector is provided with a heater at its tip, which is used to heat the fuel before the engine is cranked and for some time while the intake valve reaches its operational temperature. On top of that, using heated fuel might reduce the emission of HC and CO; minimizing the cost of exhaust gas after-treatment. It is also important to reduce emissions of unburned ethanol to the atmosphere to minimize generation of troposphere ozone, which is a harmful gas to health. This paper will present this cold start system in detail, showing comparison data of engine performance, drivability and emissions.
2010-36-0157 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Program Overlay Mechanism for Engine Control Module
Autoria:
Resumo: As the complexity and size of algorithms dedicated to EMS continually grows more hardware resources, like processing speed and memory are demanded, increasing the cost of the final product (ECUs in this case). This paper presents a technique aimed at saving flash memory space by pulling pieces of executable binary code out of the microprocessor’s flash area and storing them in an external device like an EEPROM. When the application needs to execute that piece of code stored at EEPROM, it will request it to be downloaded into an available RAM memory area and run it from there. For such it is required that some sort of allocation technique be applied once the RAM’ size is by far much smaller than the EEPROM storage device’s size meaning that the whole content of EEPROM can not be downloaded single shot into RAM.
2010-36-0157 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Program Overlay Mechanism for Engine Control Module
Autoria: RICARDO LAMARO CRUZ
Resumo: As the complexity and size of algorithms dedicated to EMS continually grows more hardware resources, like processing speed and memory are demanded, increasing the cost of the final product (ECUs in this case). This paper presents a technique aimed at saving flash memory space by pulling pieces of executable binary code out of the microprocessor’s flash area and storing them in an external device like an EEPROM. When the application needs to execute that piece of code stored at EEPROM, it will request it to be downloaded into an available RAM memory area and run it from there. For such it is required that some sort of allocation technique be applied once the RAM’ size is by far much smaller than the EEPROM storage device’s size meaning that the whole content of EEPROM can not be downloaded single shot into RAM. It happens to be necessary a strategy to break the flash application code down in smaller pieces to be stored at EEPROM. This technique can be summarized in 6 steps: Software development at the host platform phase: 1. Provide a strategy to decide what part of the current implementation is worth to be moved to EEPROM. 2. Separate that part of code by redesigning and refactoring the current application. 3. Compile and link that code so it can be separately stored at EEPROM. Software running at the target platform phase: 4. Check if the code has been already downloaded in to RAM. 5. If not, look up the RAM and find a free space to house the code. 6. Download the code from EEPROM to RAM. 7. Execute it in RAM. This algorithm is an alternative approach to the very well known industry standard memory managers [3] base on the implementations of "Best Fit", "Worst Fit", "Sequential Fit", as well as the combination of them.
2010-36-0160 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Manufatura
Título do Paper: Automotive Miniaturization Trend: Challenges for Wiring Harness Manufacturing
Autoria:
Resumo: One of the most evident trends in automotive sector is miniaturization. It is related to considerable benefits due to the potential of mass reduction, cost reduction and efficiency improvement. It involves many different automobile components and most of them are facing challenges to achieve the targets defined by car makers and final consumers. Specifically for wiring harness, it seems to be many manufacturing and process challenges to be surpassed in order to fully perceive the benefits expected with miniaturization, internally and externally. So this article aims to present an overview of literature as well as reporting of experts on this issue mentioning some of the challenges that global automotive wiring harness manufacturers are facing. Subjects as assembly automation, terminal connection and small gauge cables are discussed in the article and also a general overview of how those problems are being addressed in order to meet customer requirements.
2010-36-0161 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: Control System for Diesel-Ethanol Engines
Autoria: ORLANDO VOLPATO FILHO
Resumo: World wide research on alternative fuels has been intensified due to environmental concern and diminishing of conventional fossil fuels reserves. In Brazil, the usage of fossil fuel for the production of sugar-cane has been improved over the years, but there still room for improvements. It is estimated that for 1 Ton of processed sugar-cane about 2 liters of diesel fuel is used. Over the last year, a fleet of around 110,000 agricultural machines and trucks burned about 1.2 billion liters of diesel. Along with the opportunity of reducing the emission of green house gases there is also an economic advantage of using ethanol because it cost to the producer about half the price of the diesel fuel. The reasons above motivated us to develop a Diesel-Ethanol control for Diesel engines using a mechanical diesel injection pumps. An add-on system was developed using an ECM used for passenger vehicles to control engines with either 4 or 6 cylinders. In this system, Ethanol is injected into the intake air stream and a pilot injection of diesel is used to achieve ignition. This system was derived from a Diesel-CNG system previously developed for urban busses. Careful design of the control algorithms is required to prevent excessive diesel fuel usage and high hydrocarbon emissions. This paper will describe the Diesel-Ethanol system in detail and present some performance data.
2010-36-0165 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Mechanic Simulation for interferometry analysis of moiré in the study of dynamic tensions at Sugarcane Cutting Disk
Autoria:
Resumo: Brazil holds the first position in sugarcane production in the world, baring 450 millions metric tons of raw cane per year. However, mechanized cane harvesting experienced little progress in the last decades. Inadequate machine elements design generates vegetal bruise and consequently significant product loss. Crop and machine mechanical interactions generate a quite complex dynamic situation involving stress and strain distributions as well as components relative movement. Conventional techniques as strain gages faces particular obstacles associated to field operations as well as signal transmission and analysis. The shadow moiré technique can give support to a simulating setup to determine stress and strain distribution on the surface of cane cutting disk. The tests also involved the soil surface action.
2010-36-0165 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Mechanic Simulation for interferometry analysis of moiré in the study of dynamic tensions at Sugarcane Cutting Disk
Autoria: KELEN CRISTIANE CARDOSO
Resumo: Brazil holds the first position in sugarcane production in the world, baring 450 millions metric tons of raw cane per year. However, mechanized cane harvesting experienced little progress in the last decades. Inadequate machine elements design generates vegetal bruise and consequently significant product loss. Crop and machine mechanical interactions generate a quite complex dynamic situation involving stress and strain distributions as well as components relative movement. Conventional techniques as strain gages faces particular obstacles associated to field operations as well as signal transmission and analysis. The shadow moiré technique can give support to a simulating setup to determine stress and strain distribution on the surface of cane cutting disk. The tests also involved the soil surface action.
2010-36-0172 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Suspensão
Título do Paper: Durability study of wheel bearings, based on Brazilian route data
Autoria: EDSON LELIS FESCINA
Resumo: The present work has the objective of defining a load data model for wheel bearing life calculation under real load conditions, from the roads characteristics in Brazil. A comparative analysis of the route models available in the literatures and in practice was made and their effects in the life calculation of the analyzed bearing. The load history report from real traffic conditions was made for the national route. The data were measured by strain gages fixed in the wheel bearing and the strut body, and also by an accelerometer sensor fixed in the gravity center of the vehicle, circulating in a route used for vehicle durability test in Brazil. The loads were analyzed and compared with the loads model previously obtained. After that, a more appropriate load model was adopted to the real conditions of the Brazilian roads, for the wheel bearing life calculation. Key Words: Wheel bearing, Durability Test, Routes.q
2010-36-0173 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: The perceived impact of supply chain management on organizational effectiveness and quality
Autoria: JOEL SOARES DOS ANJOS
Resumo: Few products or services exist that so not require some supply chain management. The more suppliers that are involved the more complex the supply chain management becomes. Even if the entire supply chain from basic raw materials that come from the earth or out of the minds and actions of people, is not considered there is still a supply chain that must be attended and in today’s global economy competition is growing every day, and automotive products (vehicles and components) are often developed in one country though it’s made based on global architectures, used and applied in other markets, and to find success in this competitive reality, automakers and/or global business migrated from local suppliers to global sourcing and in today’s world of global outsourcing, supply chain management plays an ever important, strategic and expanding role in delivering results once automakers are aiming to launch low cost vehicles and recognized as world best-in-class products. This article shows the influences of the supply chain on the quality and what the organizations are doing as quality strategy for supply chain management, and in addition the article proposes a model on what would be the best strategy for Quality on the new supply chain management.
2010-36-0176 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Supplier development and capacitating for body shop lines' planning/ designing by means of Digital Factory concepts
Autoria:
Resumo: The pressure to reduce the life cycle of products, as a way to keep business maintenance and competitiveness of automotive companies, has stimulated the searching for solutions to shorten the long implementation timing of new manufacturing lines. The use of Digital Factory concepts at Volkswagen of Brazil became itself an alternative for better assessment of products and process, thus shortening the installation period and reducing correction activities due to assertively-found solutions. The development of methodology and the structure of those concepts have established the necessity of expansion for companies which work in partnership on activities of planning and project designing of body shop lines. That work plan aims to feature the communication interfaces between suppliers and Volkswagen of Brazil, in order to define the basic tools that enable the information exchange and the qualification process of Suppliers according to patterns and requirements of the Digital Factory, already suited for concepts and structures of Volkswagen of Brazil, which are conducted by the Manufacturing Engineering - Body Shop.
2010-36-0177 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Aluminum Alloy for Automotive Cable - A perspective on emerging cars applications
Autoria: IVAN ALVES DE ALMEIDA
Resumo: The automotive industry is constantly searching for technological improvements to assure car maker’s requirements based on the following criteria: reliability, quality and economic impact. The efforts for light weighting in automobile wiring harness have increased significantly by the 1970's, when meteoric rises in copper prices metal market propitiated the aluminum and its alloys approach as a substitute material in the electrical and electronic field. During almost fifteen years solid aluminum wire and Copper Clad Aluminum (CCA) had been applied to GM cars for primary and battery cables, respectively. After this implementation the copper prices come down and become more interesting. Nowadays, the aluminum wiring harness and battery cable may become an important alternative to provide mass reduction and fulfill environmental compliance requirements helping to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The scope of this article covers an initial wiring manufactory development of aluminum alloy for harness application in Brazil’s emerging automotive market. A Design for Six Sigma Methodology (DFSS) was conducted in order to investigate the material options available in the national market and to evaluate the mechanic/electrical properties of each aluminum alloy selection. A preliminary set of wires samples was assembled in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) insulation and a range from 0.75 to 2.5 mm2. However, for obtain higher mass reduction on aluminum alloys cables a Polyphenyl ether (PPE) insulation should be consider, which may be used to replace copper cables in automotive applications, after further quality requirements tests. Key-words: Aluminum alloy, PVC and PPE insulation, harness and battery automotive
2010-36-0178 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Investigations on Friction Losses within Front End Accessory Drives
Autoria: LEANDRO CORREA DOS SANTOS
Resumo: In order to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines, Schaeffler Technologies recognized that it is necessary to identify the sources of energy losses, quantify such losses and to study ways to minimize them. Based on this premise, the Front End Accessory Drive parameters had to be investigated to locate where further potential enhancement is hidden. This paper aims to analyze and discuss about the main sources of energy losses occurring in FEAD and propose ways to optimize the system to the optimal range of efficiency and durability. Investigations showed that there are some loss points of the basic belt drive components which have good potential to be reducible, e.g. losses at bearings and belt.
2010-36-0180 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Turbocharged Otto Direct Injection Engines on Brazilian Market
Autoria: PAULO KENJI TAKAMURA
Resumo: The introduction of Flexfuel technology in Brazil in 2003 brought an unquestionable advantage to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in automobiles when used with ethanol. Furthermore, the research to increase the efficiency in the use of renewable energy is crucial for the sustainability of the automotive industry. Among the feasible technologies for achieving this goal, the Direct Injection Spark Ignited engine (hereinafter referred to as a DISI engine) and the turbocharger are the most promising in short and middle terms. The combined use of Direct Injection and turbocharger on an engine can promote the downsizing. Both technologies are closer to the Brazilian reality and the Turbocharged DISI engine can even more be improved when used with the biofuel ethanol through its inherent thermodynamics advantages. The objective is then to investigate the technical feasibility of using a turbocharged DISI engine in the Brazilian market, and its combination with Flexfuel technology, considering the characteristics of the fuels available on this market.
2010-36-0181 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Intercomparison Tests Among Laboratories Accredited by ISO 16949
Autoria:
Resumo: The increasing technology used in automotive components and electrical/ electronic parts requires additional and different tests to validate a product design following global specifications. Although the high number of laboratories and automotive industries accredited by ISO 16949, some of the validation tests requires specific devices and can be measured with different equipments and methods resulting in different values. A comparison test among accredited automotive laboratories is presented. At first, the same samples were distributed among the laboratories and some common tests required in all the OEM Specifications were performed including mechanical and electrical tests. The comparison tests were scheduled to be performed with short difference of time between the countries and samples were storage in controlled conditions to avoid samples degradation. This work presents the test results among 4 laboratories located in different countries (Brazil, China, Germany and USA) as well the correspondent accuracy of each one to assure a reliable method in all the laboratories.
2010-36-0184 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SPACEFRAME STRUCTURE FOR A HIGH PERFORMANCE AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE
Autoria: LIDIANE ARAUJO INACIO DA CUNHA MATIAS
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar a comparação entre duas estruturas spaceframe que devem ser consideradas como candidatas para utilização na construção de um protótipo de veículo esportivo cuja concepção básica estabelece peso máximo de 800 Kg e o uso de um motor V8 com no mínimo 200 HP. Definido desta forma, o veículo em questão poderá ser enquadrado na restrita categoria dos Roadsters de alto desempenho. Tendo em vista que o objetivo final do projeto é a construção de um protótipo funcional do veículo concebido, está sendo conduzido em paralelo um estudo de estilo e aerodinâmica através de softwares capazes de executar simulações numéricas na área de mecânica dos fluidos. Uma das contribuições esperadas deste trabalho será o desenvolvimento de tecnologia e competência científica em uma área em que o domínio do conhecimento ainda se encontra bastante restrito, levando-se em conta que tradicionalmente este tipo de desenvolvimento de engenharia é realizado pelas indústrias automobilísticas preferencialmente em suas matrizes no exterior. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada nos testes das duas geometrias analisadas, ou seja, determinação da rigidez global das estruturas e suas massas, respeitando as características do veículo e seus requisitos técnicos. Uma vez que as estruturas analisadas são geometricamente complexas, a rigidez foi medida tendo como parâmetro a deflexão observada no entre - eixos (torção ou flexão) associada ao esforço aplicado durante o teste. Para a análise numérica foram construídos modelos matemáticos utilizando o método dos elementos finitos com base nas informações obtidas das configurações iniciais das estruturas candidatas. Baseado nos resultados obtidos foi promovida a evolução geométrica das estruturas, o que levou ao aumento da rigidez, porem sem grande alteração na massa.
2010-36-0184 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SPACEFRAME STRUCTURE FOR A HIGH PERFORMANCE AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE
Autoria:
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar a comparação entre duas estruturas spaceframe que devem ser consideradas como candidatas para utilização na construção de um protótipo de veículo esportivo cuja concepção básica estabelece peso máximo de 800 Kg e o uso de um motor V8 com no mínimo 200 HP. Definido desta forma, o veículo em questão poderá ser enquadrado na restrita categoria dos Roadsters de alto desempenho.
2010-36-0185 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Diesel Engine Air intake Temperature Reduction for Euro V Gaseous Emissions Regulation Compliance
Autoria: CARLA KORPS MAUERBERG GERULAITIS
Resumo: Changes in diesel engine design and calibration contributed to emissions reduction, mainly from Euro III to Euro V the algorithms for the control of smoke and transient response had substantial impact in the calibration concept. In order to follow the diesel engine emissions, the air intake system and air intake cooler must be optimized. The objective of this paper is to show the development of the new air intake package devices design - combined with new CAC (charge air cooler) optimization and new air intake system AIS position in vehicle - to allow intake manifold temperature compliance, using DOE method to the decision.
2010-36-0187 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: An overview of Lead-Free Soldering for Brazilian Automotive Electronics Applications
Autoria: IVAN ALVES DE ALMEIDA
Resumo: More than ever before, electronics industries manufactures around the world are required to improve products by substituting Tin/Lead for lead-free solders in accordance with European directives on End of Life Vehicles (ELV) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS). Similarly, the European directive on End of Life Vehicles (ELV) affect the automotive sector where lead-based solders frequently are the main application for joining electronics and electrical applications under hood and in passenger compartment devices such as GPS locators and audio/video entertainment media. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the legislation around the world and the impact to Brazilian automotive market. Key-words: Lead free, Legislation, ELV, RoHS & WEEE, Automotive market
2010-36-0188 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Building an innovation plan and technology strategy in electrical electronic architecture for Brazilian emergent market
Autoria:
Resumo: Efforts to enhance the productivity, to be in accordance with environmental regulations, to assure performance, quality and reliability in competitive market, are the major trends to any company of the industrial sector. This is particularly critical in the automotive market due to safety requirements and product conformity, but it is not enough to ensure success. The key to accomplish that is presented in this work through an investigation of innovation plans and technological strategy developed and applied to an electrical electronic architecture company. The results show the role of this approach prioritizing the corporative investment and goals, increasing profits by adding value to sale, analyzing collaboration between private companies and universities, revealing opportunities to apply for Government Innovation Program financial support. All these factors have been applied to the modernization of electrical automotive architecture for Brazilian emergent market.
2010-36-0190 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Vehicle Application of Auxiliary Cold Start System with the Fuel Distributor and the Extra Electronic Fuel Injector
Autoria: LUIS CARLOS MONTEIRO SALES
Resumo: Along the last thirty years one of the challenges is to develop an engine working with ethanol with the same performance and characteristics of gasoline engines functioning at low temperatures. In Brazil the production expansion of flex fuel engines is the main motivation for technology development and research to improve the engine cold start and functioning, when using ethanol. The use of gasoline as an auxiliary in the cold start system is now the main characteristic of this system. In this work the performance of a new cold start system is analyzed. Tests were performed in a vehicle and the results show the potential of the new technology. Keywords: cold start, ethanol, fuel injection, internal combustion engine
2010-36-0191 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Numerical Simulations and Experiments for Calibration of Three Fracture Models
Autoria: EDUARDO BARJUD BUGELLI
Resumo: The aim of the present work is an assessment of several fracture models through experiments and numerical simulations of a regular steel applied in automotive industry. Tensile tests with notched, unnotched and shear specimens were carried out to provide the material characterization in a wide range of stress triaxiality. The calibration of the material model parameters was achieved by the parallel numerical simulation of the tensile tests using the commercial finite element code LS-Dyna®, providing information on the stress and strain components at the failure locus. The equivalent plastic strain criterion, the Johnson-Cook failure model and the maximum shear stress failure criterion were calibrated for future work. Good correlation of experiments and numerical simulations was achieved after the material models calibration.
2010-36-0194 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Elastic Behavior of Bearing Ball
Autoria:
Resumo: This research work reports a study of bearing balls elastic behavior under diametrical static loading. The determination of ball elastic constants and contact area generated at the races are of major importance in supporting bearing design, loading characteristics, working conditions, life span and maintenance program. The present loading case is identified as a compression of an elastic sphere between two parallel rigid plates, which is supported by the Hertz Contact Stress Theory. The material is considered to exhibit linear elastic behavior as well as to admit small deformation. Diametrical compression of a sphere can yield the modulus of elasticity if the Poisson’s ratio is known, as well as the contact area generated at the loading situation. Hertz Contact stress theory also gives theoretical support to the compression of sphere between curved surfaces as it is observed between bearing balls and the races. However, if an extra tool, identified as a moiré optical method, is introduced in the experimental tests, the strain and stress distributions onto the sphere surface can also be obtained. Moiré methods are quite simple, consisting in drawing or in projecting an optical grid onto the object surface, and to observe the interference fringes. These fringes, named moiré fringes, will give support to a simple tree dimensional imaging generation of the body under test, or even to generate stress and strain distribution over the object surface. In the second case the moiré technique would work as a photoelastic method. It should be noted that moiré should be considered as a family of methods, applying different grids geometry as well as image processing. These methods require simple experimental setups. Involved software includes ImageJ, RisinSunMoire, Idrizi, etc. Based on what it has been exposed before, the objectives of this research work can be identified as to submit bearing ball to diametrical static loads between two parallel rigid plates as well as between two curved surfaces, i.e. the real bearing races. Stress and strain distribution onto the spheres surfaces will be determined through a moiré technique. Expected results will also include the contact area determination as well as deformed shape survey.
2010-36-0195 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Injection system for tri-fuel engines with control of power by simultaneous use of CNG and ethanol or gasoline
Autoria: MICHEL ROBERT VEIGA
Resumo: Vehicles equipped with original tri-fuel engines are restricted to a few models. They can operate on blends of liquid fuels, but the use of CNG does not occur simultaneously. CNG is often used by converted vehicles and can be used with ethanol, gasoline or a mixture of both. The main disadvantages in the use of CNG are low volumetric efficiency, low autonomy, loss of power and the need for internal space to store the cylinder. However, they have great economic advantages. The main goal of this project is to build an electronic circuit able to efficiently manage the injection of CNG, increasing its volumetric efficiency and minimizing the loss of power through an automatic management of the power and economy ratio. When the power demand is low, the system operates only on CNG. When intermediate power is required, the system operates with different proportions of ethanol and CNG. For maximum power, only ethanol is used. Comparisons were made between the conventional and the proposed system through dynamometer tests, road tests and emission analyses. There was a significant increase in both power and consumption. The vehicle with its original system, using only ethanol, has 68hp and 12.6 km / l consumption. With gasoline it has 66hp and 16.4 km/l consumption. With the conventional aspirated CNG system, the maximum power reached was 55hp, and the consumption on the road was 21 km / m³. Using the proposed system, it was possible to achieve a power gain of 17.45%, reaching 64.6 hp, and an increase in autonomy of over 25%, reaching 26.4 km / m³. The initial power using CNG was no higher than 44.7hp. However, when the accelerator pedal is pressed above 50%, the system manages the simultaneous use of CNG and ethanol, returning its original power, which may reach 63.1 hp when using 100% of ethanol, if the angle of the throttle is above 90%.
2010-36-0198 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Optimizing the On Board Diagnostic System (OBD) to Monitor for Reduction of the SCR Catalyst Conversion Efficiency using the NOx Sensor
Autoria:
Resumo: Due to the independent operation of the aftertreatment system from the engine, the aim of the OBD system (On Board Diagnostic) is to guarantee the powertrain emissions stay within the emissions standards during all the vehicle useful life. In the case of heavy duty diesel vehicles, that uses the SCR system (Selective Catalytic Reduction) as the aftertreatment technology to meet the stringent emissions levels, the use of a NOx sensor in the exhaust pipe will be indispensable for a reliable monitoring of the emissions.
2010-36-0198 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Optimizing the On Board Diagnostic System (OBD) to Monitor for Reduction of the SCR Catalyst Conversion Efficiency using the Nox Sensor
Autoria: LEONARDO DE OLIVEIRA COSTA
Resumo: Due to the independent operation of the aftertreatment system from the engine, the aim of the OBD system (On Board Diagnostic) is to guarantee the powertrain emissions stay within the emissions standards during all the vehicle useful life. In the case of heavy duty diesel vehicles, that uses the SCR system (Selective Catalytic Reduction) as the aftertreatment technology to meet the stringent emissions levels, the use of a NOx sensor in the exhaust pipe will be indispensable for a reliable monitoring of the emissions. Analyzing the European directives that are legislating the OBD system, the NOx sensor must be monitored by the emissions control system, guaranteeing faults detection in the aftertreatment system that could increase the emissions. According to the annex 4 of the directive 2005/78/EC item 3.3.2.1 (requirements for the OBD system Stage 2), it is needed to monitor the catalyst efficiency as an isolated component of the system. In case of efficiency reduction of the aftertreatment system, due to the low quality of the SCR reagent liquid, physical damage or catalyst aged, the current softwares are ready to detect the faults, but providing a generic and inaccurate diagnostic. The SCR catalyst aging, due to the high level of sulfur in the diesel, to the lubrificant oil burning or to the high exhaust gas temperature, will be verified in real applications when the SCR system is implemented. When it is aged, the main feature of the catalyst (the ammonia storage capacity) is reduced, which can cause ammonia emissions (slip) in the ambient. The treatment of this particular feature can also be found in sophisticated software strategies, but applying a theoric factor to the catalyst aging based on the system operating conditions to be applied as a correction factor in the closed-loop dosing control strategy. This work consists in the development of a software algorithm to be integrated to the OBD system that allows diagnosing, through a dynamic functional test, a NOx conversion efficiency reduction in the SCR catalyst as an isolated component of the complete system. With this diagnostic, applied within the strategies for catalyst aging detection, the dosing controller can correct the reagent liquid injection, preventing ammonia emissions in the ambient, and getting a faster and easier fault resolution.
2010-36-0200 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Application of an Auxiliary Cold-Start System without Gasoline for a Flexible Fuel Vehicle assigned to the Brazilian Market
Autoria: EDUARDO LUIZ SBRAGIA
Resumo: The injection of gasoline during cold start is used in Brazil as the standard technology since the advent of alcohol cars and, more recently, in the flex-fuel vehicles. The advantage of this conventional system is low cost and simplicity. Nevertheless, its main disadvantages - reliance on user action to maintain the level of the auxiliary fuel tank and the possibility of blockages caused by poor quality gasoline or aging and the difficulties to precisely control the fuel flow and the homogeneity of the gasoline/ alcohol mixture - constitute the motivation for the development of a system that does not require an auxiliary gasoline tank. This paper presents a review of the physics involved in the cold start of an Otto engine and describes the results of the application work of a cold start system without auxiliary gasoline injection. The concept is the alcohol heating with electrical resistances in the fuel rail prior to the engine cranking. The engine control unit, after the initial driver command, has the authority on the start process, which is performed totally automatic. These characteristics made it possible to guarantee robust starts down to 0ºC, being possible to start the engine also at -5ºC.
2010-36-0207 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) Overview – Motivation, Goals and Features
Autoria:
Resumo: AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System Architecture) is a worldwide development partnership to develop open, standardized software architecture for the automotive industry, formed by car manufacturers, suppliers and other companies from the electronics, semiconductor and software industry, targeting to create a basic infrastructure for the management of functions within both future applications and standard software modules.
2010-36-0207 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) Overview – Motivation, Goals and Features
Autoria: CARLOS HENRIQUE BARALDO GALUZIO
Resumo: AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System Architecture) is a worldwide development partnership to develop open, standardized software architecture for the automotive industry, formed by car manufacturers, suppliers and other companies from the electronics, semiconductor and software industry, targeting to create a basic infrastructure for the management of functions within both future applications and standard software modules.
2010-36-0209 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Edges Detection for Target Decomposition with Application on Mobile Robotics
Autoria: MATEUS DE ARAUJO FERNANDES
Resumo: Com o crescimento na demanda por aplicações que utilizam robôs móveis, surge o interesse por técnicas de navegação que sejam capazes de reconhecer e perceber o ambiente e permitir a interação entre robô e os elementos ao seu redor. Em meio a este interesse, a visão computacional se apresenta como potencial solução para diversos dos problemas relacionados à percepção e identificação de objetos e ambientes. Sua principal vantagem é a aquisição de informações sem a necessidade de contato ou emissões. Este trabalho propõe uma alternativa, baseada em visão computacional, para o problema de navegação de robôs destinados a identificar e seguir um alvo específico. Para os testes foi desenvolvido um pequeno protótipo de robô móvel munido de uma câmera. O alvo foi definido como um quadrado preto sobre um fundo branco. Sua localização é determinada a partir da imagem captada pela câmera e submetida às técnicas de detecção de bordas e correlação com máscaras específicas para a identificação das quatro quinas do alvo e a medição das posições das mesmas dentro de cada quadro capturado. Analisando-se a geometria da cena, o posicionamento destas quinas permite inferir distância e azimute do robô em relação ao alvo, informações que constituem os parâmetros de entrada para o controle de sua movimentação, que compreende dois comportamentos. No primeiro, situação onde o alvo não é encontrado, o robô vaga aleatoriamente, combinando movimento da sua base com giro da câmera, facilitando a localização do alvo. No segundo, uma vez estimada a posição relativa do robô, este tende a se aproximar do alvo, buscando simultaneamente alinhar a posição da câmera com a base. Os resultados obtidos através deste desenvolvimento são apresentados neste artigo, além de uma discussão sobre principais aplicações, vantagens e desvantagens do método proposto.
2010-36-0210 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Pressure distribution analysis on aircraft seats using a joint reclining mechanism
Autoria: ALEXANDRE DAVID CAMPOS KASAKEWITCH SOUZA
Resumo: This study aimed to perform a pressure distribution analysis of aeronautical seats, that use joint reclining mechanism, in which both bottom and back cushions recline together, based on a same axis, on the bottom cushion front edge. The main tool used on this study was the Xsensor equipment, which features individual pressure maps to bottom cushion and back cushion, presenting relevant information such as peak pressure, average pressure and effective contact area. Significant improvements were observed on the pressure distribution, when comparing the adopted reclining mechanism with the conventional one.
2010-36-0212 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Analysis of influence of the mass automobiles in fuel consumption, applying different engines configurations
Autoria: CRISTIANO DA LUZ COIMBRA
Resumo: Engineering studies are born out of questions. This study was designed from the following questions: What is the influence of the mass of a car on fuel consumption? Which engine, between the engines available in the portfolio of the supplier, results in lower fuel consumption in a certain range of mass of vehicles? In this paper, we present the answers to the questions above, and for this we performed calculations of fuel consumption in urban FTP75 cycle, using the software Sit 7.0, which is the official program of calculations of fuel consumption and performance at Fiat Automobiles of Brazil. For purposes of the calculation of fuel consumption were used power curves and specific fuel consumption maps of the main engines of the supplier, also using characteristic technical data of the cars produced by Italian factory in Brazil. At the end of the study can be concluded in a quantitative way, the influence of the mass change in fuel consumption of vehicles produced in Brazil, serving as a technical basis for future projects to reduce weight in cars, thereby reducing fuel consumption. Moreover, as a result of this study, was created a tool to determine the best engine in relation to urban fuel consumption, and for that you need to know only the vehicle mass and fuel consumption target. This tool can quickly provide, a trend toward better engine, assisting in making decision in projects of new products.
2010-36-0213 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Parametric Analysis of Piston Assembly Focusing on Friction Losses Reduction and Fuel Consumption
Autoria: THIAGO WILHELMSEN LOUREIRO
Resumo: This paper presents a parametric analysis of the piston assembly of an Otto cycle engine, focusing on mechanical efficiency and fuel consumption through the implementation of a numerical model of the piston secondary motion. This model considers a mixed lubrication between the cylinder liner and the piston skirt as well as the piston skirt profile and surface waviness, being able to calculate the hydrodynamic and contact friction forces and the entire piston trajectory through the course of the cylinder. The studied parameters include the connecting rod length, the piston skirt waviness and the piston off-set. A comparative analysis is finally made using the results piston secondary motion inside the cylinder bore, the hydrodynamics and contact forces as well as the friction force between the piston skirt and the cylinder liner as a function of the crankshaft angle.
2010-36-0214 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Challenges and alternatives for PROCONVE 8/EURO 6
Autoria:
Resumo: After discussions and agreements for PROCONVE P7 definition and implementation in Brazil, it has been started the process of investigation and definition of the best strategy to achieve emission limits targets. The OEM’s strategies are being defined considering different factors as system cost, company worldwide strategy, development lead-time, and others. An important factor to be considered is the long term strategy for after-treatment systems to be adopted in the next legislation, in order to align the current strategy with the future technologies. PROCONVE P8 which is expected to be similar than the EURO6 European legislation presents a significant emission restriction and will drive the strategies to be considered on engine development activities It’s expected that the EURO6/P8 after-treatment development timing and costs will be even more relevant than the engine development costs. This paper intends to present the potential strategies for EURO6/P8 emissions achievement, detailing the technologies that shall be applied, giving real results already available from current development in Europe
2010-36-0214 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Challenges and alternatives for PROCONVE 8/EURO 6
Autoria: JEFFERSON MARCONI SCHIAVON
Resumo: After discussions and agreements for PROCONVE P7 definition and implementation in Brazil, it has been started the process of investigation and definition of the best strategy to achieve emission limits targets. The OEM’s strategies are being defined considering different factors as system cost, company worldwide strategy, development lead-time, and others. An important factor to be considered is the long term strategy for after-treatment systems to be adopted in the next legislation, in order to align the current strategy with the future technologies. PROCONVE P8 which is expected to be similar than the EURO6 European legislation presents a significant emission restriction and will drive the strategies to be considered on engine development activities It’s expected that the EURO6/P8 after-treatment development timing and costs will be even more relevant than the engine development costs. This paper intends to present the potential strategies for EURO6/P8 emissions achievement, detailing the technologies that shall be applied, giving real results already available from current development in Europe.
2010-36-0216 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: THE NON-REVOLVING TURNSTILE PROJECT
Autoria: IGOR AUGUSTO ALVES BATISTA
Resumo: The current public transportation bus system has been demonstrating deficiencies concerning the quality of service provided, mainly with respect to the lack of internal comfort experienced by passengers and operators. Since the time turnstile became indispensable to count passengers inside the bus, it has turned into an important item for bus transportation system. The traditional four arms turnstile remains the most efficient and reliable equipment for the function till these days. The location of the device and its operational method result in the need of reserving space for the revolving movement of the turnstile arms. Therefore, the arms movement is performed over the operators’ legs. This movement also restricts the circulation area available for passengers. The turnstile operation and the space restriction for the operators induce them to turn the body to one side while seated, fact that may cause body pain and lesions, reducing productiveness and leading to stress. The objective of this article is to present the prototype of a new turnstile type of a quarter spin, applying a new partial ratchet mechanism, primarily developed for comfort and ergonomics of the operator, providing better work and health conditions. The prototype has demonstrated to be a reliable mechanical device, which avoids double counting of a passenger. It has been constructed from a conventional turnstile, from which two arms have been removed, resulting in an “L” shape.
2010-36-0219 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: ANALYSIS OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ONBOARD MAINTENANCE SYSTEM OF VERY LIGHT AND LIGHT JETS
Autoria: GUILHERME MELO DE ALBUQUERQUE
Resumo: É feita uma análise das melhorias conseguidas com a evolução da manutenção aeronáutica que culminaram no MSG-3 e substituíram o conceito de "consertar quando quebrar". Foi possível identificar oportunidades para introdução de melhorias nos procedimentos preconizados: a realização de testes e inspeções de sistemas, que permitem aumentar a intensidade de carga atualmente atribuída aos sistemas embarcados. São identificadas oportunidades não contempladas pelo Sistema de Manutenção Embarcado, SME, centradas no downtime da aeronave. Uma aplicação ao SME típico de Aeronaves Executivas Muito Leves, VLJs, ou Leves, LJs, usando o critério de crédito em despachabilidade mostra ser possível reduzir o downtime da aeronave, reduzindo significativamente suas especificações. A redução se mostra particularmente útil num cenário não controlado de aeroportos e aeródromos usados por esses tipos de aeronaves. No trabalho é considerado um nível mínimo de software C no atendimento dos requisitos de segurança. As principais melhorias foram identificadas nos subsistemas: Monitoramento de Eventos Extremos, Inicialização de BITs e Integração com Data Link. Os resultados obtidos permitem esperar 17% (dezessete por cento) de redução no downtime total e 81% (oitenta e um por cento) de redução de downtime nas funções incorporadas pelo SME.
2010-36-0220 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Effectiveness of a Vehicle Restraint System Considering Different Anthropometric Human Standards
Autoria: PAULO ROBERTO MORASSI
Resumo: The proposal of this paper is to analyze the occupant protection level of a vehicle restraint system in a frontal crash, considering different anthropometric human standards. The CONTRAN 221/07 Resolution of frontal impact determines the biomechanics criteria for 50th percentile dummies, which comprises the average of the population. This paper aims a wider spectrum, investigating anthropometric human standards other than the average. Through experimental tests and numerical simulations, where the biomechanics ratios from the 5th, 50th and 95th percentile dummies submitted to the same level of deceleration are compared, this paper identifies potential critical points for the human standards other than the average to reach the biomechanics limits, and based on the results, fosters the discussion of what could be the alternatives to mitigate a possible mismatch in terms of protection to the occupants of average and extreme biotypes.
2010-36-0222 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Complete primary chain drive system design applied in internal combustion engine
Autoria: CARLOS ALBERTO FRANCISCO DE MOURA FILHO
Resumo: The continuous primary chain drive improvement applied in internal combustion engines have as automotive market target the fuel economy, gas emission and noise reduction, chain drive life time increase plus system cost reduction. This paper has the objective to present the primary chain drive development process and its main challenges to attempt the engine layout restriction, support the dynamic loads and mainly warrant the camshaft and crankshaft timing, considering the automotive market targets, through kinematic calculation, components design, packaging investigation, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and system dynamic behavior. The kinematic investigation is useful to reach acceptable noise levels and lifetime requirements through chain type definition (bush, roller or inverted tooth) sprocket tooth profile, optimum guide and blade profile construction, tensioner position and stroke designed to compensate chain elongation due to thermal expansion, dynamics, production process tolerances and wearing. The expected fuel economy and gas emissions together with system cost reduction can be improved by the correct synchronism between crankshaft and camshaft, through chain type, sprockets design and blade/guide geometry, deformation and stress analysis to design a robust system (FEA). All theoretical values obtained through the kinematic calculation will be compared and confirmed with the fired engine dynamic behavior evaluation results, according to Schaeffler chain drive test specification, which is divided in static and dynamic condition, oil supply condition, dynamic measurement, stationary engine speed, functional analysis, filling test, engine start, cold start, noise investigation and wear investigation..
2010-36-0223 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Computational method to assess the SUV drivers' dynamics due to rollover crashes
Autoria: ANDERSON DE LIMA
Resumo: Even though the rollover is not the most frequent type of accident, it is of the greatest significance with respect to injury and trauma caused to the vehicle occupants. The need to reduce death incidence and serious injuries has increased the importance of computational simulations and prototype testing. This study presents finite element model to simulate rollover events and to predict possible injuries caused in the head, neck, thorax and cervical spine. Numerical models of a sport utility vehicle (SUV) are simulated including anthropomorphic dummy to represent the driver. The injury risks and traumas are verified to the driver considering belted and unbelted dummies. The computational methodology developed proved to be efficient for the evaluation of the vehicle’s roof structure in rollover events. Regarding the computational results, some standards and procedures which are broadly used by the automotive industry to evaluate the vehicle’s roof resistance, cannot prevent the occurrence of injuries and traumas to the occupants. Moreover, according to the results of numerical simulations, it is suggested that the load required evaluating the car’s roof resistance should be increased. It is shown that numerical methods can be used to assess the structure of the vehicle and verifying the driver’s injury risk, reducing the amount of experimental tests to be performed. Keywords: Computational simulation, Rollover, Finite Element Method.
2010-36-0224 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Manufatura
Título do Paper: Simulation in a virtual environment to operate with an automatic production line used in the automotive industry
Autoria:
Resumo: The globalization of the economy has increased competition and intense dispute for new markets. It has accelerated the evolution of technology in all segments. Manufacturing automation, robotics production lines, programmable logic controllers (PLC), simulation and offline programming of equipment technologies are known by the main companies, but the integration of these technologies is always a complex issue and requires timing. Actually it expand time in development of standards, in design software and simulations, while much work still remains to be done in the field. Aligned with the technology of Digital Factory there is a technology of Virtual Commissioning. With this technology it is possible bring to the lab environment a lot of solutions found so far only in the installation phase. The real commissioning is still necessary, but with less activity and uncertainties. This work is based pilot project developed by Volkswagen of Brazil for virtual commissioning in a manufacturing cell.
2010-36-0225 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Analysis of the Impact of Relevant Engine Characteristics on OBDBr- 2 Misfire Monitor
Autoria: MICHEL ZAMBON ALVES
Resumo: According to CONAMA Resolution 354/2004, all passenger and light commercial vehicles manufactured in or imported to Brazil (except compression ignition engines) must be equipped, from 2010 on, with the Brazilian On Board Diagnostic level 2 (OBDBr-2). Among the OBDBr-2 features, the misfire detection is by far the most challenging due to the Brazilian Flex Fuel context and also due to its interface with several powertrain components. Ford Motor Company has developed a series of peculiar studies and validation procedures to check the robustness and effectiveness of the OBDBr-2 misfire monitor. One of them focused on the correlation between engine production variation and misfire monitor detection capability. Experiments were performed varying the following characteristics: crankshaft position sensor air gap, torque to turn, spark plug depth and compression variation among cylinders. The results of the analysis of the mentioned experiments helped Ford Motor Company to revise its misfire monitor calibration in order to make it more robust and compliant with the regulation within a wide range of product variation.
2010-36-0226 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Analysis of component wear influence of on bi-fuel engine emission
Autoria:
Resumo: Um veículo o qual utiliza dois combustíveis para trafegar é caracterizado como bi-combustível ou popularmente chamado carro “flex”. Estes combustíveis devem apresentar características semelhantes para que a combustão ocorra de forma ideal alcançando rendimento máximo nos quesitos desempenho e economia energética. Primeiramente realizaram-se estudos nesta área para comprovar a eficácia destes motores no âmbito das emissões de poluentes. Posteriormente esta primeira etapa partiu-se para parte experimental que consistiu na coleta de dados avaliada pelo analisador de gases TM 132 (Tecnomotor). Para simular a degradação dos componentes iniciou-se o processo de alterações de parâmetros, tais como: o tamanho e tipo de velas, utilização de diferentes tipos de combustível com variações nas porcentagens da mistura álcool/gasolina, número de bicos injetores associados à quantidade de cilindros operantes além de empregar usos com as configurações originais dos mesmos. Após o mapeamento destas informações efetuaram-se comparativos referentes às porcentagens de poluentes relacionadas a cada elemento degradado para provar que as mudanças ocasionadas alteraram significativamente o comportamento do motor, interferindo na sua característica poluente positiva ou negativamente. O propósito principal é desmistificar a polêmica referente aos carros bi-combustiveis serem ou não tão poluentes quanto os carros convencionais e estipular orientações a respeito do programa de manutenção preventiva previsto pelas montadoras. A conseqüência disto é a melhora da qualidade do ar e visar num futuro próximo que o teste analisador de emissões seja obrigatório em toda frota brasileira, para renovar e adequar todos os veículos em uma faixa tolerável. Palavras-chave: Poluentes, Motores flex, Analisador de gases, Bi-combustível
2010-36-0226 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Analysis of component wear influence of on bi-fuel engine emission
Autoria: ISABELA PAREDES
Resumo: Um veículo o qual utiliza dois combustíveis para trafegar é caracterizado como bi-combustível ou popularmente chamado carro “flex”. Estes combustíveis devem apresentar características semelhantes para que a combustão ocorra de forma ideal alcançando rendimento máximo nos quesitos desempenho e economia energética. Primeiramente realizaram-se estudos nesta área para comprovar a eficácia destes motores no âmbito das emissões de poluentes. Posteriormente esta primeira etapa partiu-se para parte experimental que consistiu na coleta de dados avaliada pelo analisador de gases TM 132 (Tecnomotor). Para simular a degradação dos componentes iniciou-se o processo de alterações de parâmetros, tais como: o tamanho e tipo de velas, utilização de diferentes tipos de combustível com variações nas porcentagens da mistura álcool/gasolina, número de bicos injetores associados à quantidade de cilindros operantes além de empregar usos com as configurações originais dos mesmos. Após o mapeamento destas informações efetuaram-se comparativos referentes às porcentagens de poluentes relacionadas a cada elemento degradado para provar que as mudanças ocasionadas alteraram significativamente o comportamento do motor, interferindo na sua característica poluente positiva ou negativamente. O propósito principal é desmistificar a polêmica referente aos carros bi-combustiveis serem ou não tão poluentes quanto os carros convencionais e estipular orientações a respeito do programa de manutenção preventiva previsto pelas montadoras. A conseqüência disto é a melhora da qualidade do ar e visar num futuro próximo que o teste analisador de emissões seja obrigatório em toda frota brasileira, para renovar e adequar todos os veículos em uma faixa tolerável.
2010-36-0227 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Usage of Probabilistic Design and Statistical Tolerance in Crankshaft Development
Autoria: PEDRO HENRIQUE RIBEIRO FERREIRA
Resumo: Within the evolution of components in the automotive industry, several tools for development and optimization are being applied increasingly. Costs and performance parameters are then improved in such high rate that often the process limits are exceeded. In several designs these improvements are achieved through nominal/deterministic values for product properties and usage in its lifecycle, neglecting the fact that there is an inherent uncertainty. Several optimum solutions are not assured once a variation in input parameters for objective function is considered. Probabilistic tools may be applied in order to establish the link among such parameters and their expected variation, enabling alternative approaches for product development in an integrated way. Different solutions can be found once the uncertainty of process or usage is considered. Statistical tools can as well be used to minimize the sensitivity of output parameters for an expected variation, improving the robustness of the solution, and to analyze the potential benefits of improving specific inputs. Through this document, it is intended to investigate the usage of dimensional variation analysis in automotive components design, specifically illustrated for a crankshaft design. Particular methods to mention: Monte Carlo, MVFOSM (Mean-Value First Order Second Moment), FORM (First Order Reliability Method) and FOSA (First Order Saddlepoint Aproximation), are briefly described. A basic application of those probabilistic tools is then exposed as an illustrative example for a crankshaft residual unbalancing analysis. In the conclusion, it is verified then, actual benefits on the usage of such probabilistic tools, some of their specific advantages and disadvantages in the design and development of automotive components.
2010-36-0229 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: The compromise between alternative materials usage and the reduction in weight and fuel consumption in passenger vehicles, a life cycle approach
Autoria: JÚLIO CESAR DE SOUZA
Resumo: All over the world, the combat actions to reduce the vehicles' environmental impacts are focused on reducing emissions during the vehicle use; guiding many companies to work on lighter technologies development without consider its whole life cycle’s impacts. It was demonstrated that the knowledge of the whole life cycle of the product under study is fundamental to fully evaluate its benefits and burdens. In this context, life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important tool for the systems improvement; his entire life cycle approach allows the identification and assessment of critical aspects and may be useful for helping decision makers to develop his products so as to cause the least environmental impact. During this study, applying the LCA methodology, it became evident that the use of lighter materials is environmentally advantageous to certain impacts, such as reducing the greenhouse gases emission, but may be disadvantageous to others, while the use of composite materials with fibers from renewable sources presents smaller gains in all impacts assessed. A key finding is that each phase of the vehicle's life cycle can represent a significant percentage of its total impact, and a LCA study must be conducted to point which phase is the main responsible for the total impact assessed, and finally, to show that the application of an alternative technology may really produce good results over the vehicle's whole life.
2010-36-0230 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: VOCs evaporation rate from a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix and its impact over interior's atmospheric composition
Autoria: JÚLIO CESAR DE SOUZA
Resumo: With the increase in the market’s requirement level and the incited dispute for the consumers, the automotive industry has given special attention to the customer’s perceived quality. One of the aspects related to the quality perception is the "new car’s smell". The trend, shown by the market, is to control this characteristic in a subjective way, by means of especially trained panel. This paper aims at analyze this question by another point of view, leaving the subjectivity and searching to characterize the new car’s smell in an analytical and concrete way. It was shown that the main VOCs contained in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix are 2-butanone, acetic acid ethyl ester, toluene, acetic acid butyl ester, cyclohexanone and 1-hydroxycumene. The evaporation rate of the VOCs was studied and its impact in atmospheric global composition evaluated.
2010-36-0231 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: CONVERSION OF DIESEL ENGINE USING VAPORIZATE ETHANOL
Autoria:
Resumo: Atualmente as preocupações com relação à poluição ambiental aumentam consideravelmente em todos os setores da sociedade e no setor automobilístico não é diferente. A preocupação com o excesso de emissões de gases nocivos fazem com o que sejam desenvolvidas novas tecnologias para que a poluição automotiva, no parque nacional, seja minimizada. Com isso, uma nova alternativa de conversão de motores Diesel é pesquisada a qual consiste no emprego de álcool vaporizado para alimentar um motor Diesel acoplado a um gerador de energia elétrica, que é uma alternativa muito utilizada para garantir que não haja falta de energia em diversos setores da sociedade. O maior beneficio desta aplicação consistem em diminuir o preço do KWh em horários de pico, podendo ainda ser empregada no transporte rodoviário e ferroviário. O projeto visa o emprego de uma tecnologia de gerenciamento eletrônico de motores de fonte aberta (open source) que permita o desenvolvimento e emprego de um kit de conversão para ouso de álcool vaporizado em motores Diesel a um custo baixo, de fácil aquisição e manutenção. A base de desenvolvimento deste projeto é a continuidade de pesquisa já desenvolvida no grupo de pesquisa onde foram desenvolvidos kits de fonte aberta (open souce) para a conversão de motores Diesel para o emprego de GNV através das tecnologias DDF. O artigo apresenta a configuração básica necessária para que o kit funcione nestas condições, bem como a estratégia de controle empregada na aplicação.
2010-36-0231 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: CONVERSION OF DIESEL ENGINE USING VAPORIZATE ETHANOL
Autoria: FABRÍCIO BORGES DE OLIVEIRA
Resumo: Atualmente as preocupações com relação à poluição ambiental aumentam consideravelmente em todos os setores da sociedade e no setor automobilístico não é diferente. A preocupação com o excesso de emissões de gases nocivos fazem com o que sejam desenvolvidas novas tecnologias para que a poluição automotiva, no parque nacional, seja minimizada. Com isso, uma nova alternativa de conversão de motores Diesel é pesquisada a qual consiste no emprego de álcool vaporizado para alimentar um motor Diesel acoplado a um gerador de energia elétrica, que é uma alternativa muito utilizada para garantir que não haja falta de energia em diversos setores da sociedade. O maior beneficio desta aplicação consistem em diminuir o preço do KWh em horários de pico, podendo ainda ser empregada no transporte rodoviário e ferroviário. O projeto visa o emprego de uma tecnologia de gerenciamento eletrônico de motores de fonte aberta (open source) que permita o desenvolvimento e emprego de um kit de conversão para ouso de álcool vaporizado em motores Diesel a um custo baixo, de fácil aquisição e manutenção. A base de desenvolvimento deste projeto é a continuidade de pesquisa já desenvolvida no grupo de pesquisa onde foram desenvolvidos kits de fonte aberta (open souce) para a conversão de motores Diesel para o emprego de GNV através das tecnologias DDF. O artigo apresenta a configuração básica necessária para que o kit funcione nestas condições, bem como a estratégia de controle empregada na aplicação.
2010-36-0232 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: BIOGAS PURIFICATION SYSTEM AND ADAPTATION FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES USE
Autoria: MILENA VICTORETTE
Resumo: Uma das grandes preocupações atualmente é em adquirir fontes renováveis, devido aos problemas ambientais. O biogás é uma fonte renovável, por isso é considerado um biocombustível. Este artigo tem o objetivo de descrever e desenvolver um sistema de purificação do biogás para ser utilizado no motor de combustão interna e a adaptação do motor, ciclo Otto. As impurezas biogás podem danificar o motor, por isso deve haver uma purificação, além de diminuir a emissão de gases poluentes juntamente com o combustível, atendendo as especificações de emissões de poluentes. O estado de Santa Catarina é mundialmente conhecido pela agroindústria, com a presença de milhares de granjas de aves e de suínos. A suinocultura, em especial, é uma atividade altamente poluente, sendo apontada como um grande problema ambiental. Um dos subprodutos da agroindústria é o biogás, a sua produção pode agregar valores, sendo utilizado para gerar energia elétrica por meio da sua queima em motores de combustão interna, tornando-a auto-sustentável economicamente. O trabalho apresentará transformações necessárias no motor para utilização do biogás. Além da preocupação com os dejetos suínos, há também a preocupação constante com a emissão de gases. Com este trabalho deseja-se melhorar a qualidade do ar, aumentando assim a qualidade de vida da população.
2010-36-0232 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: BIOGAS PURIFICATION SYSTEM AND ADAPTATION FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES USE
Autoria:
Resumo: Uma das grandes preocupações atualmente é em adquirir fontes renováveis, devido aos problemas ambientais. O biogás é uma fonte renovável, por isso é considerado um biocombustível. Este artigo tem o objetivo de descrever e desenvolver um sistema de purificação do biogás para ser utilizado no motor de combustão interna e a adaptação do motor, ciclo Otto. As impurezas biogás podem danificar o motor, por isso deve haver uma purificação, além de diminuir a emissão de gases poluentes juntamente com o combustível, atendendo as especificações de emissões de poluentes. O estado de Santa Catarina é mundialmente conhecido pela agroindústria, com a presença de milhares de granjas de aves e de suínos. A suinocultura, em especial, é uma atividade altamente poluente, sendo apontada como um grande problema ambiental. Um dos subprodutos da agroindústria é o biogás, a sua produção pode agregar valores, sendo utilizado para gerar energia elétrica por meio da sua queima em motores de combustão interna, tornando-a auto-sustentável economicamente. O trabalho apresentará transformações necessárias no motor para utilização do biogás. Além da preocupação com os dejetos suínos, há também a preocupação constante com a emissão de gases. Com este trabalho deseja-se melhorar a qualidade do ar, aumentando assim a qualidade de vida da população.
2010-36-0236 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: ISO Headform Pedestrian Protection test results comparison at critical bonnet regions
Autoria: NEY QUEDINHO PEREIRA
Resumo: Test Protocols for pedestrian head protection in a car pedestrian accident have been discussed for several Technical Communities in order to identify ideal boundary test conditions to evaluate injury limits. With the purpose to harmonize with final Global Technical Regulation 9 for Pedestrian Protection published by ECE in January 2009, European New Car Assessment Programme (ENCAP) has changed their Child and Adult headform weight and geometry boundary test conditions. However 5 Kph remains as difference between both protocols. This work presents a comparative head impact test analysis for both headform at ENCAP and GTR#9 boundary test conditions when performed at critical bonnet regions.
2010-36-0243 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: Development of an Electrical Power Steering for Emergent Markets
Autoria: DAVI JANINI URSOLINO
Resumo: Development of an Electrical Power Steering (EPS) system for Emergent Markets, with emphasis on improved fuel economy and cost advantages to the customer. The EPS for Emergent Markets provides high steering wheel assistance on parking maneuvers and appropriate assistance on driving conditions similar to conventional EPS systems. The assistance levels decreases while vehicle speed increases providing better steering feel at high speed conditions (highway tracks). It also provides good tuning capability balanced with piece cost. In addition, this EPS enables an aftermarket bolt-on system for non assisted steering vehicles (i.e. manual steering vehicles).
2010-36-0243 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: Development of an Electrical Power Steering for Emergent Markets
Autoria: DAVI JANINI URSOLINO
Resumo: Development of an Electrical Power Steering (EPS) system for Emergent Markets, with emphasis on improved fuel economy and cost advantages to the customer. The EPS for Emergent Markets provides high steering wheel assistance on parking maneuvers and appropriate assistance on driving conditions similar to conventional EPS systems. The assistance levels decreases while vehicle speed increases providing better steering feel at high speed conditions (highway tracks). It also provides good tuning capability balanced with piece cost. In addition, this EPS enables an aftermarket bolt-on system for non assisted steering vehicles (i.e. manual steering vehicles).
2010-36-0244 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Diesel engine connecting rod bolted joint opening analysis with analytic and finite element models
Autoria: RAFAEL AUGUSTO DE LIMA E SILVA
Resumo: Connecting rods of internal combustion engines usually apply a bolted joint solution at the big end for the assembly with the crankshaft, and in addition, to simplify disassembling. Consequently, a typical engine connecting rod is formed by a stem and a cap that are joint by bolts. However, the engine dynamic loads can be enough to overload the joint causing the cap detachment of the stem. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to evaluate if the engine dynamic loads are sufficient to cause the unilateral opening of the joint surface, that can lead to a catastrophic failure of the engine. The calculation is done by analytical approach and also, by finite element model. The analytical formulation achieved critical results based on conservative hypotheses, while the numerical results indicated a certain security regarding the unilateral opening of the joint surface, pointing to the direction of bolted joints development based on finite element models.
2010-36-0245 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Rollover test in child restraint system with different fixation systems
Autoria: ERICK TIVELLI
Resumo: The evolution of child restraint system can be justified by its implications on the performance and use. The development of new technologies in these devices is growing in order to minimize these implications. Technologies of child restraint system in developed countries like the United States of America show a great advance, allowing the marketing of more efficient and safer devices. Devices sold in the U.S. have their own set of straps composed of hooks and special anchors known as lower anchorage and tethers for children (LATCH). The main objective of this study was to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the main differences between the fixation systems, devices that have the LATCH and those that are attached to the seat belt of the car. The different fixation systems were evaluated in rollover tests, with maximum displacement of 300 mm to the head of the dummy with the seat of the car, based on the Brazilians standard +BR 14400. The results obtained by the maximum vertical displacement of the dummy shown the influence of different fixation systems in the performance of child restraint system.
2010-36-0248 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Suspensão
Título do Paper: Front suspension LCA bushing optimization
Autoria: FRANCISCO GANZAROLLI
Resumo: When considering ride comfort and precision there are lots of components in the vehicle suspensions that have influence in this behavior and some ride occurrences (mainly higher frequencies) are rubber bushing responsibility but due their compliance, other vehicle attributes, steering and handling, can be affected. So the correct components tuning can maintain or improve vehicle attributes to address desired brand DNA and vehicle its specific needs. These studies were done considering the elastokinematics of front axle only due need of improve its comfort concerning higher frequencies (impacts and harshness). In addiction, correlation between subjective evaluation and objective data acquisition/post processing is desirable to optimize development time. Based in subjective directional, the activities time were reduced and final configuration reached faster.
2010-36-0249 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL IN A HEAVY DIESEL ENGINE
Autoria: RINALDO ANTUNES AMARAL
Resumo: The synergy of Diesel engine application in the Latin America with European market is a reality inside of Brazilian automotive industry. Diesel commercialized in the Latin America market has own physical-chemical characteristics that is responsible for combustion variation regarding engine behavior. Based on these Diesel physical-chemical characteristics, will be present preliminary results of research in order to understand better the deviations in the exhaust system regarding performance and temperature. Keywords: Diesel, density, viscosity, cetane number, internal combustion engine.
2010-36-0250 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Suspensão
Título do Paper: Influence of ride frequency balance in sub limit vehicle stability
Autoria: FRANCISCO GANZAROLLI
Resumo: Current road vehicles have tendency of use softer suspension springs to improve ride comfort, but as a moving device with suspension system, vehicles have other parts that can affect attributes for comfort perception, and is necessary the correct definition of which one should be modified to address the comfort issue and avoid impact in attributes for stability. Usually springs are not the main responsible for bad comfort behavior, but shock absorbers and bushings are. A typical passenger car shows a wide possibility of loads carriage and how to set up correctly the suspensions considering its tradeoffs and brand DNA is the main issue.
2010-36-0251 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Stochastic Simulation Method for CAE Vehicle Dynamics Evaluation and Design Robustness Analysis
Autoria: RICARDO RODRIGUES ALVES MALERBA
Resumo: This work presents a statistical approach for simulation based on Monte Carlo method. As an exercise of the method a CAE vehicle dynamics model was specific created to evaluate the likelihood to meet a given target driving a maneuver for given inputs variations. In the exercise, three different inputs were chosen as stochastic inputs (also called noise factors) and all relevant information about their statistics has been raised, based in components information. The chosen inputs are: front/rear dampers curves, front/rear ride heights and tire surface temperature. A brief description of the Monte Carlo technique is presented. The choice of this method is due to the reduced number of simulations required to have a given accuracy in comparison with other approaches, especially for multivariable system. As output variable for the exercise, the tire patch height was chosen and the resulting probability density function of it is presented. Two different setups were tested in order to evaluate the robustness level of each. A third test was also done having as a parameter the height of the center of gravity of the vehicle. The method has proven to be a powerful design tool. One verified advantage of the method is its outcome, not normally obtained from conventional deterministic CAE simulations: the likelihood of achieving a specific target and the design robustness to inputs variation.
2010-36-0253 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Structural evaluation of flexible crankshaft dynamic model running in a Diesel engine
Autoria: ALEX DE SOUZA RODRIGUES
Resumo: In order to guarantee the new emission regulations and customer requirements, crank train components must be developed for engine operation boundary conditions. In the last years, analytical formulation is being replaced by flexible dynamic analysis. This paper shows how important it is to develop crankshafts considering engine actual cyclic loads. Moreover, stresses and fatigue safety factors are evaluated as vital outputs. The consideration of the elastic matrix in the movement equation enabled the achievement of more precise results according to the actual crankshaft behavior. The procedure described in this paper is strongly recommended for new crankshafts design regarding their actual structural behavior under engine operation condition. Keywords: dynamic, structural, flexible, elastic, crankshaft, Diesel engine, analysis
2010-36-0255 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Correlation between CAE and Experimental Fatigue Bench Tests for Automotive Crankshafts
Autoria: SERGIO GRADELLA VILLALVA
Resumo: The scope of this paper is the study of the crankshaft fatigue strength under bench tests loads. When a crankshaft is running inside the engine, it is subjected to radial forces and torsional moments. These radial forces come from the fuel combustion and are responsible for the crankshaft bending. The moments occur mainly due to the torsional vibration phenomenon and are responsible for twisting the component. Once there are these two main loads which can damage the component, both must be considered in the design phase. Moreover, the crankshafts must be tested under these conditions to guarantee that they will not fail during engine operation. The finite element method is used to simulate the bending and torsional experimental tests before the crankshafts manufacturing. Fatigue calculations are performed using simulation results to predict how the crankshafts will fail on the experimental bench tests. After the crankshafts have already been approved by the simulations and prototypes have already been manufactured, the bending and torsional tests are performed. Hence, the tests results are correlated with simulations results comparing stress distributions and stress measurements using strain gauges, which are applied on the crankshaft surface at specific interested regions, as well as the predicted position of the failure. Similar results were obtained from simulations and bench tests, what indicates a precise correlation once determined rightly the boundary conditions. In this direction a reduced test can be applied to validate a new design, saving money and time. Keywords: crankshaft, fatigue, bench tests, CAE
2010-36-0257 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: An integrated overview inside the advances and problematic regarding the design of bearings employed on the release system of modern Dual Clutch Transmissions
Autoria: TIAGO PERES BATALHA
Resumo: Dual Clutch Transmissions have conquered an important fraction of the market, mainly in Europe, as a result of their improvements concerning efficiency. Once the power flow from engine to the transmission is not interrupted, fuel efficiency increases radically. Furthermore, extreme fast and soft shifts provide the most dynamic and smooth acceleration of any vehicle on the market, being particularly suitable on high performance vehicles. The drivers have also experienced singular comfort, since they can choose whether control the shifting or let the computer do it automatically. Nevertheless, to overcome the elevated requirements imposed to the system components, in special the release bearings, the industry has dispended considerable efforts on the development of new processes and design methodologies. This paper focuses on design oriented simulation of DCT release bearings on a fully virtual environment, with the aim of define new approaches and calculation procedures within the early steps of product definition.
2010-36-0259 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: Study of the reduction of the consumption of fuel in the urban cycle in a vehicle equipped with automated transmission
Autoria: RODRIGO DE ANDRADE MARINHO
Resumo: From the crisis of the petroleum in the end of the decade of 70, the automobile industry is seeking means of offering to the consumer vehicles with low consumption of fuel. Studies accomplished in the last 20 years indicated a fort impact on the global increase of the temperature resulting from the exhaust gases emitted by the vehicles. The reduction of the consumption of fuel and emission of exhaust gas became vital for the growth and maintenance of the automobile industry. Inside of the accomplished researches, several work lines were developed being observed possible earnings in the vehicles as well as in the systems of power generation and transmission. Improvement of the aerodynamics and reduction of the road load resistance can be mentioned as works returned for the chassis. In the engine, we can enumerate the adoption of turbocharger, improvement of the dynamic fluids and the development of electronic control systems to increase the thermal income and volumetric. In the area of transmissions, new systems were developed as the CVT and automated mechanical gearbox. This work has the objective of demonstrating the earnings experimentally obtained in the consumption of fuel with the use of an automated mechanical gearbox. This transmission allows an electronic control by software with the appropriate choice of the ideal moment to gearshifts in function of the consumption characteristics by the used engine and the conditions of use the vehicle: speed and opening position of the accelerator.
2010-36-0264 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Suspensão
Título do Paper: Trucks Ride Simulation – Tuning Optimization
Autoria: ALAOR VIEIRA NETO
Resumo: In order to improve the product development efficiency, nowadays, the usage of simulation tools has become almost mandatory. The number of different settings, tested during the suspension tuning, for example, can grow reasonably in the same amount of time. Such a situation would be impossible experimentally. In this context, this work presents a truck model carried out in a multi-body environment (Adams) in order to evaluate aspects of vehicle ride comfort. The model was created with all project information available. Typical tracks, used for ride subjective evaluation, are modeled as track profiles and added to the multi-body model. The model is then validated against experimental data. The measurement setup used as well as the test conditions are fully detailed, as well as the comparison of the data acquire with the simulation results. Once with the validated model, it can be explored in order to extract all information required for a robust project. In this way, a DOE is carried out so that the main parameters of ride are identified and an optimized design is possible to achieve. The methodology has been used in order to achieve a best setup in terms of ride comfort, which has been implemented in the real vehicle and measured in order to check the final result. The final configuration has improved the overall vehicle ride around 30% while minimizing the amount of physical test, in other words, reducing the development cost.
2010-36-0265 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: THEORETICAL and EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of NOISE ATTENUATION in HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING SYSTEMS
Autoria: FABIO TOSHIO KANIZAWA
Resumo: It is presented a theoretical and experimental study about noise attenuation device in hydraulic power steering systems. Due to the noise reduction from other vehicle sources, as engine, hydraulic system noise contribution has become more relevant. The hydraulic power steering system major noise source is the pump, contributing with its own operating noise, and also by pressure pulsation in pipeline, which in turns excite another sources. The operating principle of attenuation system is the destructive superposition of pressure waves, and for the phenomenon occurrence, the waves must be 180° out of phase. Delay between the waves is obtained through system parameter settings, geometric and physic. So it was performed system modeling, focusing in the pipeline in order to characterize the system components, and also the model validation was done through comparison between model and test data obtained with commercial system.
2010-36-0266 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Correlation between Experimental and Virtual Results for a Fatigue Test on an Internal Combustion Automotive Engine’s Connecting Rod
Autoria: MARCOS VICENTE DE CARVALHO
Resumo: The development of computational procedures has allowed increasing the range of virtual analysis of various engineering problems. The design of industrial products must meet requirements of durability, strength, reliability, security, and criteria of low cost and weight. These requirements are among the many reasons that enable technological advances; and such advances are needed to make possible to increasingly use software's capacity of simulating real operating conditions of components. This work has as main objective to achieve fatigue analysis of a connecting rod of an automotive internal combustion engine by using software based on finite element method. For this were used curves of loads and boundary conditions, obtained from experimental analysis of the component, so it may be possible a correlation between experimental and computational results. The connecting rod is under cyclic loading during its entire lifetime, which generates high levels of stress that, depending on their characteristics and magnitude, can lead to the component fatigue failure. This work is important because when results of a finite element model and an experimental fatigue test are correlated, it will be possible to run multiple virtual analyses in order to determine the component regions that need to be modified or improved. Performing such analysis aims at reducing costs related to prototypes production and experimental tests, since these are generally expensive and requires long time for execution.
2010-36-0267 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: The participation of the PSA Finite Element Engineering (Brazilian Structural Simulation Engineering) in the vehicle weight reduction proposals in order to reduce pollutants emissions levels
Autoria: ELTON CÉSAR VIEIRA PINTO
Resumo: A really important characteristic of the OEM´s (Original Equipment Manufacturer) that arrived in Brazil during the last decade is that all of them launched vehicles models that were conceived, designed and developed abroad, normally in the Company Headquarters (CONSONI,2004). The first effect of this tendency affects certain technical specifications such as raw materials or even that components that were not validated for the local market conditions. The majority of the technical specifications are over dimensioned in relation to current local regulations in the Brazilian Country. According to Pascoal (2007), another effect is that these vehicles have an end of the product life cycles sooner than the Brazilian branch offices. This condition implies that even after the end of production of these vehicles in the European factories, these models will continue in the production line at the Brazilian Factories for several years (in some cases). The production continuation of these vehicle models in South America have stimulated the creation of a local procedure inside the OEM's, allied with the use of new available numerical methods - most modern of what the existing ones at the time of conception of these vehicles in Europe: the study of simulations applying newer and cheaper raw materials ( less thicker or lighter), but that still preserve the main technical specifications defined by the OEM or by the effective regulations in the country. The main purpose of the application of these new technical proposals is to turn these vehicles even more economically profitable during its extension of commercialization for the local market, but, mainly, to reduce the weight of these vehicles aiming to consequently reduce the pollutants emissions levels. In this context, this work has as objective to present some practical examples of these numerical simulations of the vehicles that are in serial production at PSA Peugeot Citroen Factory in Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro, exploring the main impacts of the technical proposals for weight & cost reduction.
2010-36-0269 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Numerical Study of Pressure Waves Using Finite Volumes Method
Autoria: CARLOS EDUARDO GUEX FALCÃO
Resumo: The work investigates the pressure waves behavior in a cavity, the way that the treatment with Finite Volumes Method can be understood, aiming future studies like pressure waves in air intake system of an internal combustion engine. Using a CFD code it is possible to analyze more complex systems, including three dimensional effects. In most of cases, the problem is solved using analytical methods or one-dimensional numerical method. In the present work, the governing equations was discretized by Finite Volumes Method with an explicit formulation, and the time integration was made using the multi-stage Runge-Kutta time stepping scheme. The solution is independent of mesh or time-step. The analysis presents a good agreement with other numerical studies.
2010-36-0275 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Clamping Force Evaluation of a Bolted Joint According to the Variation of Torque and Angle Applied
Autoria:
Resumo: Bolted joints are frequently applied in the automotive industry. Although apparent simplicity for this clamping solution, phenomena involved in the tightening procedure of the bolt are complex and very difficult to control in a production line. During the tightening process, portion of the energy is dissipated as friction and portion is consumed in elastic and plastic deformation of the bolted joint. In order to ensure the function of the joint requirements, only the second one is relevant. The problem is that the tightening process control method only monitors the ‘torque and angle’ variables and not directly the deformation of the joint. Therefore, the monitoring is also dependent of the friction’s variable, whose influence is very significant. This work aims to evaluate the clamping force behavior of a bolted joint used at small car front suspension subframe, using a transducer built with eight linear strain gauges. Ninety assemblies were controlled and the results were evaluated statistically and discussed here.
2010-36-0276 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: Influence of a New Component on a Bolted Joint
Autoria: ALEXANDRE DA SILVA SCARI
Resumo: Within the development of a new vehicle, with significant body changes and minimal modifications of powertrain layout, one of the challenges presented to the working group came from the necessity of a wire bracket to attend requirements of a new proposed layout. In the current paper will be explored the definition and development of this bolted joint, offering alternatives for keeping synergy even facing frequent obstacles, normally inducing to redesign. During the development of this joint, the first configuration tested showed self-loosening and subsequent crack at the aluminum shield. From this start point it could be an opportunity for this joint redesigning, but the challenge is how to do it respecting the project constraints, parameters and characteristics, once the components could not be changed significantly due to project timing objectives. This article shows a brief overview of the bolt types involved, contextualizes the case evidencing the boundary conditions and restrictions to achieve the technical solution and exposes the calculation methodology for a bolted joint. The solution is defined by calculation, experimental bench and vehicle tests for its validation. The results conduct to the adoption of a hex flanged serrated bolt a optimal solution for the situation.
2010-36-0278 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: An Automatic Process for Aerodynamics Analyses
Autoria: RAFAEL FONTES VIEIRA
Resumo: In a modern engineering design, the goal for high efficiency using optimization methods is fundamental to generate competitive and strategic advantages. It is even more evident on the development of aircrafts, in which Multi-Disciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) philosophies are each day more noticeable, due to a range of involved technologies on the project . The present work introduces a computational process, called HighLift2D, which is fitted on that context. This integrated tool is capable to simulate bidimentional flows in subsonic and transonic conditions over single element airfoils (cruise configuration wing) and multi element airfoils (take-off, maneuver or landing wings, with high lift devices - flap and/or slat) using high fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Integrating several engineering tools and commercial software, from the user input data as flow condition and geometry, HighLift2D generates the computational mesh, submits the case to a parallelized CFD computations and post process the results. With that capability, HighLift2D not only saves appreciable amount of time on the manual cycle of aerodynamics analyses while it preserves the results quality, but it has great potential of employment as aerodynamic module in aeronautical MDO processes. Many validation tests were conduced and some expressive results are presented in this paper.
2010-36-0279 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Thermal-Electrical Modeling and Adaptive Control of Battery Charge/Discharge Systems
Autoria: RENATO OLIVEIRA DE MAGALHAES
Resumo: The ever increasing complexity and integration of systems together with the explosive growth of electronics and computational communications have led to higher demands for energy, as recognized by the SAE ARP 4754 on complex or highly integrated systems. Electrical power conditioning and distribution is one of the vital functions in many types of systems, among which stands out the charging and discharging of batteries. In such systems, it’s been known that incorrect handling can lead to thermal runway as already experienced in aerospace, aviation, automotive and portable consumer devices industries. In this article we intend to discuss and model a battery charging/discharging system currently in use in the CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellite), to future develop an adaptive control that autonomously adjust control parameters as system degrades and operating conditions changes, in such a way that the thermal runway phenomenon is avoided, decreasing the risk of accidents and failures in that type of systems.
2010-36-0280 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Eco Navigation with Vehicle interaction
Autoria: RICARDO YOSHIKAZU TAKAHIRA
Resumo: On board Electronic Solutions – In Vehicle Navigation with interactive interface within powertrain ECU’s. Eco route, eco driving concepts. Navigation device integration with infra structure for real time traffic information. Driving education feedback focusing on better fuel consumption, so consequently lower emissions. On Going Technologies and Road Map CO2 percentage reductions got by components or functions added to the vehicle architecture. Trend of use in EV (Electrical Vehicles) or HEV (Hybrid Electrical Vehicles), new ECU’s targeting this type of vehicles, architecture looking better autonomy or driving interaction with infra structure for refueling/recharging. Smart Grid and navigation oriented to electrical Vehicles.
2010-36-0280 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Eco Navigation with Vehicle interaction
Autoria:
Resumo: On board Electronic Solutions – In Vehicle Navigation with interactive interface within powertrain ECU’s. Eco route, eco driving concepts. Navigation device integration with infra structure for real time traffic information. Driving education feedback focusing on better fuel consumption, so consequently lower emissions. On Going Technologies and Road Map CO2 percentage reductions got by components or functions added to the vehicle architecture. Trend of use in EV (Electrical Vehicles) or HEV (Hybrid Electrical Vehicles), new ECU’s targeting this type of vehicles, architecture looking better autonomy or driving interaction with infra structure for refueling/recharging. Smart Grid and navigation oriented to electrical Vehicles.
2010-36-0282 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Methodology to Determine the Stall Speed in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Thought Flight Tests
Autoria: ANDRÉ NOGUEIRA SOUSA
Resumo: In this article, a methodology for flight tests to determine the stall speed is adapted for UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles). The UAV is equipped with a system of data acquisition to store the variables related to the stall speed during the flight of the aircraft. Next the data is processed to determine the stall characteristics of the aircraft and consequently its stall speed. The results are compared with analytical calculations to validate the proposed methodology.
2010-36-0284 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Bonded Lap Joint Analytical Model
Autoria: FERNANDO LUIS ZARPELON
Resumo: This paper presents a bonded lap joint analytical model where the adherents are modeled as plates in cylindrical bending and considered either as orthotropic laminates (classic laminate theory) or isotropic plates. The adhesive is modeled as springs in shear and tension/compression. The equilibrium equations are developed based on the differential forces equilibrium in and out the joint area. The loads can be chosen arbitrarily (forces and moments or displacements). This model allows the prediction of the displacements or reactions forces, strain, and stress along the joint at the adherent as well as at the adhesive. The results, loads versus strain and displacements (elastic behavior), are compared to other analytical model where the adhesive is modeled considering only the shear strain, and with finite element analysis results. This paper also presents a link to the MATLAB code implemented for single lap joint. The code can be downloaded from www.fzarpelon.com under Paper and Publications/SAE Brazil 2010 menu.
2010-36-0285 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Project of a Load Cell for a Dynamometer
Autoria: CARLOS EDUARDO PRESSA D´AVILA
Resumo: The Laboratory of Automotive Prototypes of ULBRA has developed researches to construct small automotive cars of high efficiency. The principal aim is to develop and apply new technologies that allow increasing the efficiency of electric and gas engine cars. Those cars received the denomination of Camels. This work presents the results of the study and development of a dynamometer employed in the measurement of torque produced by a small brushless DC motor. That motor was applied to drive a small electric car designed and constructed at ULBRA. Due to difficulties in finding a load cell to measure loads smaller than 20 N, a ring-type load cell was constructed to measure static force in uniaxial direction, range from 0 to 20 N. The load cell had strain gages connected to a data acquisition system. The acquisition system was connected to PC via USB. The measurement system consisted of an analog digital converter (A/D), model MyPCLab, produced by NOVUS. The PC computer was employed to process and to storage the data produced during the measurements. The calibration of the measurement system was made by comparing the force generated by standard weights. The ratio between generated data and trend line was R2 = 0.998. That proved the quality of the load cell. The uncertainty was 0.012 N. The load cell constructed in this study had sensitivity, repeatability, and uncertainty suited to be used in the range of work specified in the design (0 to 20 N). Keyword: Load cell, strain gages, Force Measurement.
2010-36-0288 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: Transmission Bearings Optimization to Achieve Energy Efficiency
Autoria: ALEXANDRE DA SILVA SCARI
Resumo: Concerning the automotive transmission, the power loss reduction can be achieved by substituting the tapered roller bearings and reducing operating temperature. With SKF’s low friction tapered roller bearings, it is possible to reduce frictional torque by 30% on a manual transmission (MT) with lower fuel consumption and lower operating temperature. Lower fuel consumption and CO2 emission are both special drivers for transmission’s future generation powertrains. This paper presents the results obtained for a MT with the SKF’s E2 bearings as a proposal for the current differential bearings.
2010-36-0294 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: AUTOMOTIVE DOOR CLOSING EFFORTS STUDY
Autoria: FERNANDO DOMINGUES PEREIRA
Resumo: The door is the first system to interact with the customer, allowing the entrance into the vehicle, so it has been given great importance to its performance in all requirements. The automotive door related phenomena studies increased in the past years, once the customer and the market itself have changed their quality standards. The door closing effort is considered a quality issue by the customer, cases it is too high it contributes to quality decrease, based on ergonomics study, each OEM specifies to each vehicle an acceptable value for the closing effort. There is software that uses the finite element method and specific calculation plans for the door closing effort at project phase, but it is necessary lots of data usually not available for the engineer at concept phases. This study objective is to measure each component contribution in door closing effort with the use of a simplified plan in order to help the product engineer in the door concept phases. Also to help on decisions related to the door Design concept early in the development, minimizing the impacts from possible required changes in later project phases. From a simplified model this plan was made and the output of it was compared to simulations of complex models (CAE). The proposed model has acceptable error, when compared to CAE models, showing the simplifications made were made using criteria in order to impact the less possible in the door closing effort value.
2010-36-0296 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Process certification integrated to the tolerance analysis simulation
Autoria: JEFFERSON RIGHETTO
Resumo: Sustainability is the sucess key against the competitors in a market that every day becomes more competitive. The success in new products launching is one of the main competitive factors, but achieve efficiency with several consecutive launchings is the differential for the companies’ future. The manufacturers reduced their timing and costs in the development phases integrating product and processes engineering but implementation phases still spends money and time. It means to spend money in the production approval and start. Tools as measurement tolerances analysis can be used not only to define the product but also to predict process problems that would be identified just in the implementation phase and can be used for a new launching with a totally process or already existing process for another product. This paper presents that with the measurement tolerances analysis tool its possible to assure a reliable data that could be used to support early decisions , as the business case presented.
2010-36-0299 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Internal combustion engine calibration teaching by Stand Alone System
Autoria: CLEBER WILLIAN GOMES
Resumo: The Proposal of this paper is to Demonstrate the Diagnosis methodology based on Bayesian Net [9,10,11,12,13] and fuzzy logic [4] to indicate failure probability for vehicle systems and other segments, for instance medical and Aeronautic. This work was initially developed in a dissertation that has succeeded in developing a system of fault diagnosis for diesel engines and now this article demonstrated the possibility of extending this methodology to other vehicle systems and other segments science. Also extension to other areas was also added to the technique of logic that adds the advantage of supporting the fuzzy logic in complex environments, such as the vehicle approached the diagnosis [17], aerospace and medical [16].
2010-36-0300 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Segurança e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Analysis of the tension generated in the pelvic region by five points harness in children restraint system in rollover test
Autoria: SANDRO CARLOS HAINOSKI
Resumo: The development of child restraint system (CRS) in automobiles has been one of the important topics of discussion in the community involved with Vehicle Safety. The correct use of these CRS effectively reduces the number of deaths of children in automobile accidents. The correct manufacture of child restraint system needs to be approached. One of the topics of discussion that needs to be considered is the risk of genitals of children being injured during an accident. The lesions on the genitals can occur due to the vulnerability of children's genitals in the dissipation of tension stemming from the strap between the legs. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the tension distribution generated in the strap between the legs in the pelvic region as a dummy using a five point harness child restraint system. Three different commercial models CRS certified for group I, II and III, a dummy with anthropometric measures related to this group and a load cell located in the pelvic region. The assembled system, that comprehends the CRS/dummy and load cell, was subjected to rollover assays based on the Brazilian standard NBR 14400 with rotations varying from 2.0º/s, 3.3°/s to 4.4°/s. The tested CRS showed different results when compared with each other, and when subjected to different rotations.
2010-36-0302 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Aerodynamic and structural design of a plastic sump guard component
Autoria: BERNARDO AUGUSTO MOREIRA COELHO
Resumo: Automotive manufacturers have intensified their efforts to decrease the vehicle drag coefficients and weight in order to optimize fuel consumption, in all light commercial vehicles segments. The sump guard is an important component to be evaluated, it has significant influence in drag and in the total weight of vehicles. The present work intends to evaluate the sump guard component replacing steel – more commonly used in the Brazilian market - for polymeric materials. A complete study of feasibility under the light of the aerodynamics and structural analysis is made. It’s also considered the benefits of applying polymers instead of steel. In the structural analysis, an impact and its consequences over the integrity of the component are verified using the finite analysis method. As for the aerodynamics, a complete car in a wind tunnel is replicated, using the finite volume analysis, to verify the influence of drag and pressure coefficients over the sump guard.
2010-36-0305 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Dual-Stage TC modeling and Calibration using 1D Si mulation – Correlation with NVH quantities
Autoria: FÁBIO LUZ ALMEIDA
Resumo: This work brings and proposes a simulation methodology to virtually investigate a 2-stage Turbocharger application for a heavy duty Diesel engine. The motivation of the work is the research and development of an engine which is supposed to comply with very restrictive emission regulation policies, namely Euro V, VI and EPA 10, besides Tier 4 Final. Although emission levels is, itself, a main concern (mainly NOx and engine-out PM), the present work present a methodology which covers air flow and boost ability of the entire engine and it is designed to be able to properly evaluate turbocharger designs possibilities (TC matching). In order to find the unknowns of the physical problem and, then, to verify the methodology success, some not usual measurements were done, such as of TC shaft speed using NVH techniques. Also, controlling techniques via simulation, e.g., two-stage TC calibration using virtual PID’s of efficiencies and discharge coefficients were done to achieve a good model alignment between simulation and dynamometer test acquired data.
2010-36-0306 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Strategies for Achieving pre DPF Regeneration Temperatures using in Cylinder Post Injection on a Common Rail Diesel Engine with EGR, DOC and Intake Throttle
Autoria: LEE STENNING
Resumo: A DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. Wall-flow diesel particulate filters usually remove 85% or more of the soot. In addition to collecting the particulate, a method must exist to clean the filter. Wall-flow filters are designed to burn off the accumulated particulate at regular intervals, and this can be achieved through engine modifications such as in cylinder post injections, throttling of the intake air, and using the EGR valve during overrun all to achieve 630degC at the DPF. Running the regeneration cycle too often, while keeping the back pressure in the exhaust system low will use extra fuel, with increased oil dilution, which will increases the chances of diesel engine runaway and engine damage. Regenerating infrequently runs the risk of blocking the DPF and also causing engine damage and/or uncontrolled regeneration and possible DPF failure. Quality regeneration control software is a necessity for longevity of the active DPF system and control of the different techniques. The overall system needs to be robust and function regardless of environmental conditions, driver style, drive cycle, ambient conditions such as altitude and also engine component tolerances such as fuel injector delivery, all in all a challenging task. This paper will discuss the details of some of the calibration techniques for achieving all of the targets. This is based on experience gained from calibrating for production a 2.0 litre 4cyl diesel engine using common rail injection, EGR, DOC catalyst, VNT, intake air throttling, T4 temperature sensor, Pre cDPF temperature sensor and Delta-P sensor across the DPF. With the DPF being packaged some 60cm from Catalyst out.
2010-36-0306 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Strategies for Achieving pre DPF Regeneration Temperatures using in Cylinder Post Injection on a Common Rail Diesel Engine with EGR, DOC and Intake Throttle
Autoria:
Resumo: A DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter) is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. Wall-flow diesel particulate filters usually remove 85% or more of the soot. In addition to collecting the particulate, a method must exist to clean the filter. Wall-flow filters are designed to burn off the accumulated particulate at regular intervals, and this can be achieved through engine modifications such as in cylinder post injections, throttling of the intake air, and using the EGR valve during overrun all to achieve 630degC at the DPF. Running the regeneration cycle too often, while keeping the back pressure in the exhaust system low will use extra fuel, with increased oil dilution, which will increases the chances of diesel engine runaway and engine damage. Regenerating infrequently runs the risk of blocking the DPF and also causing engine damage and/or uncontrolled regeneration and possible DPF failure. Quality regeneration control software is a necessity for longevity of the active DPF system and control of the different techniques. The overall system needs to be robust and function regardless of environmental conditions, driver style, drive cycle, ambient conditions such as altitude and also engine component tolerances such as fuel injector delivery, all in all a challenging task. This paper will discuss the details of some of the calibration techniques for achieving all of the targets. This is based on experience gained from calibrating for production a 2.0 litre 4cyl diesel engine using common rail injection, EGR, DOC catalyst, VNT, intake air throttling, T4 temperature sensor, Pre cDPF temperature sensor and Delta-P sensor across the DPF. With the DPF being packaged some 60cm from Catalyst out.
2010-36-0307 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Integrating Total Productive Maintenance and Product Development Process through Design for Manufacturing and Assembling Methodology
Autoria:
Resumo: Product development process (PDP) is a strategic element for organization's success, linking the market to the company. In spite of this, manufacturing can be considered as PDP's first customer, with requirements and constraints in order to maximize new product fabrication efficiency. In a wide range of manufacturing elements, production systems availability is critical for operation performance. To this end, companies have invested resources on Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) implementation, in which its main purpose consists in policies, practices and activities to improve efficiency through manufacturing system life cycle management approach. However, some TPM concepts have not been investigated accurately yet, one of them is to explore how to integrate TPM into PDP through a structured method. Therefore, this paper objective's is to investigate the integration between TPM and PDP using for such end, possibilities on Design for Manufacturing and Assembling (DFMA) methodology application. Through a case study in an auto parts company, with the application of the concepts investigated in this article, it is possible to verify TPM concepts application earlier on product development through DFMA.
2010-36-0310 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Comparative Analysis of Automatic Steerin g Technologie and Intelligent Transportation System Applied to BRT
Autoria: LEOPOLDO RIDEKI YOSHIOKA
Resumo: In the recent years the urban transport system known as BRT (Bus Rapid Transit System) is gaining importance due to the growing demands from alternatives to rail systems. However, unlike rail systems, the performance of BRT depends on the driver's ability to perform accurate docking maneuvers on the bus stop platform and to travel in narrow bus lane quickly and safely. In this scenario, the automation of the bus through the technology of automated steering shows up as a viable alternative, with excellent prospect of operational performance improvement. This article shows how sensing technologies (including magnetic and optical), computational intelligence and electromechanical actuator can transform standard bus in automatically guided vehicle. In addition, it discusses the importance of integrating automated vehicle guidance system (AVGS) with Intelligent Transport System (ITS) to increase operational performance and safety of the BRT.
2010-36-0310 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Comparative Analysis of Automatic Steerin g Technologie and Intelligent Transportation System Applied to BRT
Autoria:
Resumo: In the recent years the urban transport system known as BRT (Bus Rapid Transit System) is gaining importance due to the growing demands from alternatives to rail systems. However, unlike rail systems, the performance of BRT depends on the driver's ability to perform accurate docking maneuvers on the bus stop platform and to travel in narrow bus lane quickly and safely. In this scenario, the automation of the bus through the technology of automated steering shows up as a viable alternative, with excellent prospect of operational performance improvement. This article shows how sensing technologies (including magnetic and optical), computational intelligence and electromechanical actuator can transform standard bus in automatically guided vehicle.
2010-36-0311 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: ETOPS Aircraft Maintenance: additional tasks that made ETOPS flight safer
Autoria: CARLOS ALBERTO MORAES GONÇALVES
Resumo: ETOPS operation officially began in 1985 with the newly issued ETOPS criteria (based on section 121.161 from the United States operational regulation 14 CFR Part 121). Along the years, flight under ETOPS rules has proven to be routine, safe and highly successful around the world. One reason for the ETOPS safety-related success is the additional maintenance requirements. This article demonstrates and describes the additional tasks for ETOPS operations. It is also discussed the importance of ETOPS maintenance tasks and the contribution it brings for a safer operation.
2010-36-0314 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: High Operating Life Deep Groove Ball Bearing
Autoria: RICARDO SHINDI HOSOKAWA
Resumo: HIGH OPERATING LIFE DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARING: OPTIMIZED GEOMETRY REDUCES FRICTION, ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND NOISE 50 percent less noise and 35 percent less friction – The significant performance increase offered by this new bearing type is primarily attributable to optimized osculation between the rolling elements and ring raceways. Osculation between the balls and rings has been optimized in order to minimize friction. The improved surface structures of the raceways and balls reduce noise development by 50 percent. In combination with improved surface quality, the design measures reduce friction by up to 35 percent compared with the previous deep groove ball bearing. Other improvements include more effective seals and a riveted steel cage. The innovative HRS seal ensures maximum reliability. Its redesigned lip geometry is optimally adjusted to the recess on the bearing inner ring. In this way, the seal offers more effective protection against loss or contamination of grease. This results in longer grease life and increases the life of the entire bearing. The improved guidance of the rolling elements also contributes to higher performance of the new deep groove ball bearing. The new riveted steel cage offers higher rigidity and is therefore also suited for higher speeds. Altogether the design modifications result in higher efficiency as well as higher achievable speeds and reduced noise. The benefits are considerable increases in bearing life and performance with a noticeable reduction in energy consumption. This new deep groove ball bearing operates more quietly and efficiently, it is more reliable and offers better performance than its predecessor.
2010-36-0315 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Longitudinal Performance of a BAJA SAE Vehicle
Autoria:
Resumo: Driven by the necessity to reduce costs and improve products quality the automotive industry replaced the design method known as “trial and error” by those grounded on mathematical and physical theory. In this context, a longitudinal performance test was made by BAJA SAE UFMG team, in order to acquire vehicular performance data that will be used to validate computer models. The methodology consists of sensors and data acquisition system research, validation, fixation and installation in the vehicle, test and process of acquired data. From these steps, correlated data were acquired from magnitudes such as angular velocity in transmission shafts, global longitudinal acceleration and velocity, travel of break and throttle pedals and pressure inside of master cylinder. These results developed the knowledge about vehicular dynamic allowing the improvement of futures prototypes.
2010-36-0316 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Presentation and Comparison of Three Multiaxial Fatigue Criteria Based on Stress Invariants Applied to a Crankshaft
Autoria: FREDERICO RODRIGUES MINUCCI
Resumo: The crankshaft is one of the most important components of the internal combustion engine and its function is, with the rods, transforming the linear movement of the piston into rotation. Because it is under cyclic loads during all of his life, the main type of failure in these components is due to fatigue. However, as they are subject to complex loads, multiaxial stresses are arose resulting in a problem of multiaxial fatigue. Several approaches about this problem were developed, but until now, there is no universally accepted approach. This paper presents a comparison of some multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criteria based on stress invariants, namely Sines, Crossland and Kakuna-kawada criteria. Initially, some basic concepts about such criteria are presented. To facilitate the understanding of the multiaxial fatigue approach, the paper presents also an analysis of stress and fatigue in a steel axle under bending and torsion in phase and out of phase. Next, to a crankshaft of a fourcylinder engine with a forged steel SAE 1548, a stress analysis by the method of superposition of the unit efforts is performed, using the finite element method. The same fatigue criteria are applied. The efforts considered in this work are the efforts from the gas combustion inside the cylinder, the forces of inertia (rotating and alternating), the torsional vibration and the centrifugal force to the crankshaft for different speeds and at several critical positions of the crankshaft. The results of the fatigue show that the crankshaft doesn't fail and has an appropriate safety factor for all conditions and at all critical points analyzed.
2010-36-0317 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: STUDY OF AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN A VEHICLE WITH FIBERGLASS BODY
Autoria: LUIS ALEX SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA
Resumo: O sistema de climatização para aplicações automotivas tem características particulares, diferentes de sistemas de climatização para outros ambientes. Em uma aplicação automotiva a variação de condições é bastante significativa, como por exemplo a carga solar que é imposta, a velocidade do veículo, variação do número e da posição dos ocupantes no interior do veículo, diferentes regimes de rotação e carga do motor, etc. O sistema deve, portanto, ser projetado para funcionar sob todas estas condições e propiciar condições de conforto térmico com o menor consumo de energia. Além de todos estes fatores, a carroceria de fibra de vidro com um condutividade térmica menor do que as fabricados com chapa de aço, influencia no dimensionamento da carga térmica do veiculo estudado. Este trabalho obteve a curva de resfriamento do sistema de ar condicionado de um veiculo com carroceria em fiberglass. ABSTRACT The air conditioning system for automotive applications has particular characteristics, different from air-conditioning systems for other environments. In an automotive application the variation of conditions is quite significant, such as example, solar load that was imposed, the vehicle speed, the number and position of occupants inside the car, different engine speeds and engine load, etc... The system should be designed to operate under all these conditions and provide thermal comfort with reduced energy consumption. Besides all these factors, the fiberglass body with a thermal conductivity less than the manufactured steel sheet make changes on dimensioning of the vehicle studied heat load.
2010-36-0320 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: TI - Tecnologia da Informação
Título do Paper: Product Development Cycle Time Reduction through Geometry Reconstruction from a Finite Element Mesh
Autoria: JULIANA PAULINO DA SILVA
Resumo: This paper presents a technique that reconstructs the geometry, using a known surface finite element mesh, starting from a finite element mesh previously modified by the structural optimization process. It is intended, through the geometry generated by the routine, to make it compatible with the CAD system, presenting sufficient results to reduce or even eliminate the reconstruction of the geometry, usually required by means of a CAE preprocessor.
2010-36-0324 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: A Proposal for Improving the Results of the Reliability Analysis and FMEA/FMECA of the CBERS Satellite Program
Autoria: ANA PAULA DE SÁ SANTOS RABELLO
Resumo: Complex systems such as satellites, aircrafts, automobiles and air traffic controls are becoming increasingly complex and highly integrated as prescribed by the SAE ARP 4754 Standard. They integrate many technologies and they work in very demanding environments sometimes with little or no maintenance due to the severe conditions of operation. To survive such harsh operating conditions, they require very high levels of reliability, to be reached by a diversity of approaches, processes, components, etc. By their turn, the processes of analysis and decision making shall be improved progressively, as experience accumulates and suggests modifications and adaptations. According to this philosophy, in this work, we discuss a proposal for improving the results of the Reliability Analysis and FMEA/FMECA of the CBERS Satellite Program, conducted at the National Institute for Space Research-INPE, since 1987. To do that, we detail the following steps: 1) Anticipate components data to obtain failures rates and failures modes; 2) Anticipate results about the Reliability Analysis (Reliability Prediction and Derating Analysis) and FMEA/FMECA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis/ Failure Modes and Criticality Analysis) during the execution of the project steps; 3) Completely obtain and document all the information needed for the CDR (Critical Design Review). Based on all that, we intend to show that the steps proposed in this work can improve the processes of analysis and decision making already adopted in the CBERS Satellite Program; and that they may be adapted to other projects of satellites, aircrafts, automobiles and air traffic controls in the aerospace, automotive and information technology industries.
2010-36-0325 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: Simulating and Correlation of Vehicle Startability on Grade Maneuvers
Autoria: JACOB FEREZINI JUNIOR
Resumo: The behavior knowledge of the vehicle on uphill maneuvers - startability on grade, is an important metric for sizing powertrain components, such as the engine torque, clutch, first and reverse gear ratios, final drive and tire sizes. During the uphill maneuver, all components of the powertrain are subject to efforts that determine the vehicle performance in this condition. The analysis of this maneuver, for a front-wheel drive vehicle, is evaluated in this article, through a correlation of a computer program developed in Matlab-Simulink, with experimental measurements performed on the vehicle at the track, becoming an important tool for analysis of passenger vehicles subject to these conditions presents on Brazilian streets.
2010-36-0326 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Simplified Procedure for Basic Open Loop Calibration Maps in Spark Ignition Engines
Autoria: CLAUDIO MENEGHETTI ENGLER PINTO
Resumo: One of the biggest challenges in the development of a new engine and / or control system basic calibration is the construction of initial open loop maps when component characteristic curves are not available yet. It is very common in this development phase to have cylinder air charge or fuel injector terms, which effect final commanded fuel injector pulse width (i.e. injector opening time), being assigned (compensated) to wrong calibration maps as a result of the lack of reliable component characteristic curves at the beginning of calibration development. This paper presents a practical and simplified procedure for raising the basic engine maps for cylinder air mass filling, volumetric efficiency, fuel injector static flow and offset in either an engine bench or chassis dyno. This method has proven to be accurate enough to allow continuing with the basic calibration development. Comparisons to suppliers final characteristics curves show a deviation lower than 3%. Closed loop correction show deviations lower than 5%.
2010-36-0327 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: The Interaction of Piston-Ring-Cylinder on Flex Fueled Engines
Autoria: ANDRE FERRARESE
Resumo: Modern SI engines focusing on CO2 emission reduction has been applying flex fuel technology to enable burning biomass fuels. The prime route is the use of ethanol fuel on these engines. The action of designing an engine to run with Ethanol and Gasoline (Flex Fueled Engines) affects powercell components in different ways. The mechanical loads are higher to Ethanol fuel. The combustion pressure can be increased without the risk of knocking for Ethanol while for Gasoline the compression rate of the Piston is limited due to knocking occurrence. The spark time also occurs earlier which impacts components lubrication once the maximum load happens near the top dead center (TDC) where the sliding speed is lower and consequently there is lower oil film thickness. Such combination of spark time and sliding speed may also affect dynamics which can affect inertia and load composition of engine components. The power density of engines running with Ethanol is also higher, which can impact on temperature, which also influences the tribology of engine components. Another subject on Ethanol is its high corrosive characteristic, which is presenting flaking mechanisms on components, rings for example, not existent on gasoline engines. In this way, this paper compares the effects of such different engine characteristics given by Ethanol fuel on engine components. These effects are presented in a powercell approach evaluating the interactions between piston, ring and cylinder. Microwelding and/or abnormal groove wear on being dependent on the gas pressure, top land height and ring material is also discussed. Ring and cylinder wear are also affected by the gas pressure but even more on lubrication effects. It is also evaluated the low friction trends on powercell and its adaptations needed on Flex Fueled Engines. And it is discussed the harsher envoiremental effects given by Ethanol. In this paper also presents the main recommendations on powercell to best fit on current and future Flex Fueled Engines based on numerical simulation, bench tests and engine tests.
2010-36-0328 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Contribution of sound package components to airborne attenuation
Autoria: ALICE HELENA BOTTEON RODRIGUES
Resumo: In South America and other emerging markets sound package development is limited by the cost and weight of its components. Reaching the right balance between cost and a good NVH performance provides an important competitive advantage, therefore any achieved design opportunities can be replicated to other vehicle lines and markets. In this work the main noise transmission paths are verified by evaluating the contribution of sound package components to noise attenuation in two cases, initially from the tire contact patch through vehicle body to a number of positions within the vehicle interior and, next, from the engine compartment, by placing a High Frequency Sound Source (HFSS) at engine faces to the same vehicle interior positions. The main objective is to optimize sound package distribution and to prioritize which areas should have the sound package reinforced in order to improve Tire and Engine noise reduction. On the other hand, sound package parts placed in areas that are less demanded can have its weigh reduced.
2010-36-0329 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Embedded application development. A Procedure based on VxWorks© Real-Time Operating System
Autoria:
Resumo: The number of mechatronic devices that has been incorporated to automotive systems increases continuously. These devices require the integration of several subsystems with heterogeneous reliability and availability requirements and also with different complexity level. Control systems such as those used in drive-by-wire, airbags, anti-lock braking systems and speed control applications impose rigorous time constraints for their correct operation. Therefore they are considered hard real-time applications that need deterministic responses. Other subsystems like that used for infotainment can be considered soft real-time system and they only require a specific level of CPU bandwidth to work properly. A Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) is able to deal with both kinds of subsystems, fulfilling deterministic behavior and handling diversity and complexity. This work presents a method that adopt VxWorks© RTOS to fulfill this specialized and non-trivial requirements, this procedure is analyzed using a case study based on a Xilinx© morphware and hardware platform and a Control Area Network (CAN) interface to illustrate the technological challenge, and the tools integration from the physical media through the embedded application. As result, a flexible and versatile system is obtained in terms of processing and storage capability. The procedure is hardware independent and has open characteristics that allow exhaustive reliability tests and analysis.
2010-36-0329 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Embedded application development. A Procedure based on VxWorks© Real-Time Operating System
Autoria: JEAN MIMAR SANTA CRUZ YABARRENA
Resumo: The number of mechatronic devices that has been incorporated to automotive systems increases continuously. These devices require the integration of several subsystems with heterogeneous reliability and availability requirements and also with different complexity level. Control systems such as those used in drive-by-wire, airbags, anti-lock braking systems and speed control applications impose rigorous time constraints for their correct operation. Therefore they are considered hard real-time applications that need deterministic responses. Other subsystems like that used for infotainment can be considered soft real-time system and they only require a specific level of CPU bandwidth to work properly. A Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) is able to deal with both kinds of subsystems, fulfilling deterministic behavior and handling diversity and complexity. This work presents a method that adopt VxWorks© RTOS to fulfill this specialized and non-trivial requirements, this procedure is analyzed using a case study based on a Xilinx© morphware and hardware platform and a Control Area Network (CAN) interface to illustrate the technological challenge, and the tools integration from the physical media through the embedded application. As result, a flexible and versatile system is obtained in terms of processing and storage capability. The procedure is hardware independent and has open characteristics that allow exhaustive reliability tests and analysis. Keywords: CAN, Morphware, FPGA, real-time, Real-Time Operating System RTOS
2010-36-0330 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Study on a Fault-Tolerant System Applied to an Aerospace Control System
Autoria: HUMBERTO MANELLI NETO
Resumo: On several engineering applications high Reliability is one of the most wanted features. The aspects of Reliability play a key role in design projects of aircraft, spacecraft, automotive, medical, bank systems, and so, avoiding loss of life, property, or costly recalls. The highly reliable systems are designed to work continuously, even upon external threats and internal Failures. Very convenient is the fact that the term 'Failure' may have its meaning tailored to the context of interesting, as its general definition refers to it as "any deviation from the specified behavior of a system". The above mentioned 'deviation' may refer to: performance degradation, operational misbehavior, deviation of environmental qualification levels, Safety hazards, etc. Nevertheless, Reliability is not the only requirement for a modern system. Other features as Availability, Integrity, Security and Safety are always part of the same technical specification, in a same level of importance. This paper intends to present the most important points to be considered for building a Fault-Tolerant System applied to the attitude control system of a spacecraft project. To accomplish its intent, the paper starts by a theoretical review of definitions and concepts. After that, the requirements of a spacecraft project will be selected and/or written. Then, two possible solutions for the requirements will be proposed, and then compared. As the conclusion of this work, the key requirements for specifying a Fault-Tolerant Systems will be highlighted. Besides, a comparison between the two proposed architectures will be performed. Finally, possible applications to the automotive system will be commented.
2010-36-0331 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Effects of Kinematics Parameters Results on The Valve Train Performance
Autoria: HENRICO GOUVÊA DA SILVA
Resumo: The study of the kinematics is an important phase of a valve train development, which allows the determination of functional parameters, the durability and the optimization of its components. These parameters mainly match the valve lift, besides the valve actuation layout type, the physical properties of the moving parts, the spring characteristics, the system tribology and the engine working arrangements. In this context, this paper presents the effects of the interaction of these variables, under the camshaft rotation in order to transmit the movement to the valve, which implies the creation of results, such as velocities and acceleration of the components, loads and contact pressures, on which a series of limit values and characteristics lie in order to promote a perfect working of the valve train
2010-36-0332 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: TI - Tecnologia da Informação
Título do Paper: Case Studies of the Fleet Operational Efficiency Gains through Onboard Intelligence and Managerial Processes
Autoria: LEOPOLDO RIDEKI YOSHIOKA
Resumo: One of the biggest challenges in managing any business is undoubtedly the reduction of operating costs. This paper presents the results obtained by deploying a management system for fleet operating efficiency based on the use of a technological tools combined with managerial efforts, and training of drivers behaviors. The use of sensing, onboard intelligence, communication networks and data processing allows the identification of inappropriate behavior of the vehicle/driver as well as the shortcomings of fleet operating pattern. In the model adopted, from the mass of collected data are generated weekly reports that are used to guide the fleet managers and correcting flawed features found in the behavior of drivers. The benefits of this process were observed in the form of fuel savings, reduced maintenance costs and accidents. The details of the technological tools, management process adopted, examples of operational data analysis, and practical results in the urban passenger transport company are presented.
2010-36-0333 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Analysis, Design and Simulation of the Reconfigurable Control Architecture for the Contingency mode of the Multimission Platform
Autoria: JAIRO CAVALCANTI AMARAL
Resumo: This work presents the analysis, design and simulation of the reconfigurable control architecture for the contingency mode of the MultiMission Platform (MMP). The MMP is a generic service module currently under design at INPE. Its control system can be switched among nine main Modes of Operation and other Sub-Modes, according to ground command or information coming from the control system, mainly alarms. The implementation followed the specifications when they were found, otherwise it was designed. They cover operations from detumbling after launcher separation and solar acquisition, to achieving payload nominal attitude and orbital corrections maneuvers. The manager block of the control system was implemented as a finite state machine. The tests are based in simulations with the MatriX/SystemBuild software. They focused mainly on the worst cases that the satellite is supposed to endure in its mission, be it during modes or transitions between modes and submodes. The tests show that the model used satisfies the specifications.
2010-36-0335 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: CFD Methodology to Correlate the Defrost Flow and Passenger Car´s Windshield Defogging
Autoria: THIAGO LUÍS ZOLET
Resumo: The vehicle windshield defogging performance has direct influence under driver safety. In extreme situations, when the vehicle is not equipped with air conditioner and loaded with maximum occupancy, the defroster system must correctly direct the flow in order to defog pre-defined regions on the windshield. This process can´t take too long and must guarantee a minimum fog-free area to increase driver´s visibility. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the defogging simulation methodology developed by FIAT Brazil and Multicorpos Engineering. It uses CFD simulations with StarCCM+ software. Experimental data obtained from climatic chamber is used to compare the numerical data and validate the methodology. The simulations were able to conclude that defogging performance is correlated to flow homogeneity and its mean velocity on the internal windshield area. CFD simulations were used to indicate fin angles that can enhance the fog layer removal.
2010-36-0335 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Chassis e Cabine
Título do Paper: CFD Methodology to Correlate the Defrost Flow and Passenger Car´s Windshield Defogging
Autoria:
Resumo: The vehicle windshield defogging performance has direct influence under driver safety. In extreme situations, when the vehicle is not equipped with air conditioner and loaded with maximum occupancy, the defroster system must correctly direct the flow in order to defog pre-defined regions on the windshield. This process can´t take too long and must guarantee a minimum fog-free area to increase driver´s visibility.
2010-36-0339 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Considerations on the Design and Implementation of ACP245 Protocol in the Telematic Control Unit
Autoria: LEOPOLDO RIDEKI YOSHIOKA
Resumo: This article discusses the design and implementation aspects of ACP 245, a telematic communication protocol, in the vehicle location equipment. The ACP 245 is an open protocol created by DENATRAN (National Traffic Department) to meet Resolution No 245 of CONTRAN (National Traffic Council), which made mandatory the use of antitheft equipment in new vehicles coming out of factory, domestic or imported. The Resolution No 245 initiated a process of adaptation of products and services −within the operational context called SIMRAV (Integrated System for Monitoring and Automatic Vehicle Registry) − outlined by DENATRAN in partnership with automakers, vehicle location equipment manufacturers, SIM Cards manufacturers, monitoring services providers and mobile communication operators among others. The article will address the main features of the ACP 245 protocol, including the mandatory services that must be met in order to ensure interoperability between the equipment and the service providers. Show how a specific application layer can be introduced to support functions not covered under original ACP 245 protocol as telemetry and FOTA (Firmware Update Over the Air). It presents aspects of system architecture, describing the roles of TCU (Telematics Control Unit), TIV (Vehicle Information Technology) service providers, GPRS cellular network. Also, shows that SIM 245 Card has a unique feature of not being tied to a specific carrier in the beginning, which may assume the flag of any cellular carrier participant of SIMRAV remotely through sending SMS commands.
2010-36-0339 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Considerations on the Design and Implementation of ACP245 Protocol in the Telematic Control Unit
Autoria:
Resumo: This article discusses the design and implementation aspects of ACP 245, a telematic communication protocol, in the vehicle location equipment. The ACP 245 is an open protocol created by DENATRAN (National Traffic Department) to meet Resolution No 245 of CONTRAN (National Traffic Council), which made mandatory the use of antitheft equipment in new vehicles coming out of factory, domestic or imported. The Resolution No 245 initiated a process of adaptation of products and services −within the operational context called SIMRAV (Integrated System for Monitoring and Automatic Vehicle Registry) − outlined by DENATRAN in partnership with automakers, vehicle location equipment manufacturers, SIM Cards manufacturers, monitoring services providers and mobile communication operators among others. The article will address the main features of the ACP 245 protocol, including the mandatory services that must be met in order to ensure interoperability between the equipment and the service providers. Show how a specific application layer can be introduced to support functions not covered under original ACP 245 protocol as telemetry and FOTA (Firmware Update Over the Air). It presents aspects of system architecture, describing the roles of TCU (Telematics Control Unit), TIV (Vehicle Information Technology) service providers, GPRS cellular network. Also, shows that SIM 245 Card has a unique feature of not being tied to a specific carrier in the beginning, which may assume the flag of any cellular carrier participant of SIMRAV remotely through sending SMS commands.
2010-36-0342 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Communication Management in Virtual Teams
Autoria:
Resumo: In nowadays automotive market, highlighted by global products, companies are pushed to sell vehicles that comply with legal and customer requirements in different countries and, not unusually, different continents. In order to achieve such challenge, and pressed to reduce project and production costs, companies are spreading design centers around the world, based on regional expertise and lower labor costs. These excellence centers must work together to benefit from synergies and local skills from different regions. Such projects are staffed by Virtual Team [1], whose members barely face each other. This means teams will work frequently with people they have never met, who live on different time zones and have different cultures. As a consequence, communication is done basically through computerbased media, and must be even clearer and more direct than with the people who work on the next desk. The Communication and Information Technology Revolution occurred in the last 20 years allowed teams allocated in different countries and continents to work in parallel and benefit from local advantages. Although the technological advances, people are usually not prepared to work in such way, as well as projects are not adequately structured to be developed in virtual environment. Problems of communication are observed in virtual teams, mainly based on cultural differences and lack of communication management. The present article objects to present how Brazil-based engineering managers see virtual teams´ communication and use of computer-based communication´s tool among virtual team members.
2010-36-0345 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: The Application of a Requirements Traceability Automation Tool to the Documentation of a Satellite Project
Autoria: MARIO CELSO PADOVAN DE ALMEIDA
Resumo: This paper presents the preliminary results of an "a posteriori" exercise of application of a Requirements Traceability Automation Tool (RT tool) to a set of documents. The documents have been prepared according to established Space System Engineering methodologies and with attention to text quality, but without attention to requirements traceability because the processes and methodologies used during their preparation predates the emergence of the processes and methodologies developed by Requirements Engineering (RE). This study is intended to determine some of the benefits of using a RT tool when compared with the previously used processes and methodologies. The set of documents under scrutiny have been prepared in the frame of the development of the CBERS-3 satellite (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) and is composed of system, subsystem and equipment specification and covering documents related to the Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS) of the satellite. We present a summary of the current status of the study and some examples of requirements problems discovered when reviewing the text prior to entering the documents in the RT tool. Up to now, the study has definitely demonstrated that the use of a RT tool, regardless of its functionalities, compels the writer to pay attention to individual requirements, to their relationships and to avoid construction of long elaborate texts that are source of errors and misinterpretations.
2010-36-0346 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Internal combustion engine calibration teaching by Stand Alone
Autoria: CLEBER WILLIAN GOMES
Resumo: Internal combustion engine calibration teaching by Stand Alone System. This paper illustrates a teaching methodology for technical students of internal combustion engine calibration, by stand alone engine control unit with variable ignition and fuel injection time. Using a system named HIS (Stand alone Electronic Control Unit), to change the engine parameters, as fuel injection time and ignition time, the studendents can optimize fuel consumption, performance and exhaust emission. The tests are developed using the DOE (design of experiments) technique of artificial intelligence.
2010-36-0348 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Comparison between the results audits of the AS-9100/NBR-15100 of the Aerospace Certification and the results audits of the Missile Defense Agency of the U.S. Navy – DoD
Autoria: J O AQUIM PEREIRA GALVÃO DE FRANÇA
Resumo: This paper presents the results of audit activities in government programs obtained by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) - U.S. Navy - Department of Defense (DoD) of United States Government, and it compares them with those obtained by Industrial Fostering and Coordination Institute (IFI), an agency of the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology (DCTA), which is in Brazil one of the certification bodies based on AS 9100/NBR 15100 requirements. The information was provided at the "SAE Registration Management Committee Meeting & Workshop" event taken place in Long Beach - California - USA, July14-17,2008, organized by the Americas Aerospace Quality Group (AAQG), a sector of the International Aerospace Quality Group (IAQG). This event was attended by Brazilian representatives of IFI and National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO), the accreditation body in Brazil. As conclusion, the results related to non-conformities found by MDA showed a great similarity with the results obtained by IFI, that it has already had a strong consistency with the tabulation provided by IAQG.
2010-36-0351 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Experimental Validation of Rotating Fatigue Test for Valves of Internal Combustion Engine
Autoria:
Resumo: This paper describes an experimental method to correlate experimental and theoretical bending stress found in a rotating fatigue test for ICE valves. Specimens of actual engine valves were instrumented with strain-gages. The ICE valve fillet stress was measured and compared with theoretical values founds by analytical method and finite element analysis. The test allows a fast and relative inexpensive way to study influences like surface finish on the valve fatigue limit. A careful design of the test fixture and load mechanism was necessary to assure pure bending and reduce deviations from test to test. With the result of the stress values correlation, it was carried out an analytical verification of pure bending phenomenon which allowed a stress loading test closer to real-world stress values found on the critical region of the ICE valves.
2010-36-0352 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Comparative study of creep resistance in Ti-6Al-4V alloy with different heat treatments
Autoria: LUCILA MAYUMI YOGI
Resumo: Materials with appropriate behavior at high temperatures and aggressive environments have become a scientific and technological necessity nowadays. Studies have been undertaken for improvement in getting new alloys, especially for the reevaluation of existing commercial alloys, through the acquisition of data under conditions of higher severity. In this context it was used for this work to Ti-6Al-4V in the form of cylindrical bars, provided forged and annealed at 190°C for 6 hours and cooled in air, which has favorable properties for aerospace application. The alloy after heat treatments to obtain the bimodal structures, martensite and Widmanstätten was subjected to creep tests at 600ºC under the conditions of 250 and 319 MPa, in the form of constant load. The structures of Widmanstätten and martensite showed higher creep resistance in both stress conditions used in the trials.
2010-36-0355 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Gestão e Desenvolvimento de Produtos
Título do Paper: Application of Failure Reporting Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS) to manage incidents / problems in production lines for the automotive sector.
Autoria:
Resumo: Em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo, as empresas buscam constantemente um método para medir, controlar, corrigir e melhorar as falhas de seus produtos e processos a partir de metodologias empregadas com sucesso nas indústrias, principalmente aquelas que são aplicadas no setor automotivo. Dentre estas, a metodologia de ciclo fechado FRACAS (Failure Reporting, Analysis and Action Corrective System) foi classificada pelo RAC - Reliability Analysis Center RAC e pela IEEE como uma das principais tarefas para a gestão da confiabilidade e aumento da qualidade de seus processos internos e seus produtos em campo. É comumente observado nas indústrias do setor automobilístico informações de falhas registradas em diferentes tipos de banco de dados ou planilhas individuais em cada departamento (seja a falha na etapa de desenvolvimento, produção ou pós-venda do produto) e com o passar do tempo, estas informações acabam se perdendo entre as áreas responsáveis e em alguns casos, nenhuma ação corretiva é realizada para a resolução do problema, e quando planejado, algumas não passam por um processo de ciclo fechado para garantir a eficiência e eficácia da ação. A metodologia FRACAS é um sistema closed loop (ciclo fechado) para melhorar a qualidade e confiabilidade do produto, serviço ou processo tendo como sua principal função a coleta de dados de forma eficaz, o gerenciamento dos registros de falhas e coordenar todo o processo de ação corretiva realizado para cada tipo de falha, fornecendo uma linha base de conhecimento para toda a organização.
2010-36-0358 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: A Worst Case Formula for a Communication and Computation Delay in NCS.
Autoria: ROLF HENRY VARGAS VALDIVIA
Resumo: A major trend in modern aerospace and automotive systems is to integrate computing, communication and control into different levels of the vehicle and/or its supervision. A well fitted architecture adopted by this trend is the common bus network architecture. A Networked Control System (NCS) is called when the control loop is closed through a communication network. The presence of this communication network introduces new characteristics that must be considered at the design time of a control system. This work, still in development, focuses on a worst case formula for a communication (TDMA) plus computation (RMS) on a NCS. This formula, in a first instance, agrees with the simulated cases under the hypotheses and conditions when the NCS is composed by 1 actuator -1 sensor and when is composed by 2 actuators – 2 sensors. In the future, we intent to generalize this formula and extend this study to NCS that uses other communication protocols or others computer schedulers.
2010-36-0360 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Comparison of Hydrodynamic and Elastohydrodynamic simulation applied to Journal Bearings
Autoria: ROBSON FERREIRA DA CRUZ
Resumo: Due to the huge demand for more efficient engines, as consequence of reduced pollutant emission, not only has the automotive industry been trying to achieve deeper understanding of the physical mechanisms present in the engines, but also to improve its mathematical modeling. Concerning the journal bearings this task has extreme relevance, when either downsizing or repowering approaches are aimed to be performed. Regarding the mathematical models, identification of a model which is able to guarantee both reliable results and nonprohibitive computational costs should be achieved. This work aims to present the comparison between hydrodynamic and elastohydrodynamic simulation, showing the particularities of each approach and its advantages and disadvantages.
2010-36-0362 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Fuel Saving Intelligence – Low Fuel Consumption Components and Their Benefits Running Together in an Integrated System
Autoria: RICARDO RÍPOLI
Resumo: Improvement of vehicular systems targeting fuel consumption has been a major concern in automotive industry and lower levels can be achieved improving combustion condition, increasing engine efficiency, or controlling overall energy losses. The aim of this paper is to present the application of several components and technologies that contribute to fuel saving - and, as consequence, also lower emissions - evaluating the benefits of each component individually and in crossed-applications. Focus is given on energy losses reduction - such as thermal, idling, mechanical and kinetics. A case study was done applying some products with selected technologies performing a low fuel consumption system in a demo car, and comparing the results in specific testing cycles - such as FTP75 - to a baseline without these changes. Alternatively, comparative measurements performed in an intense urban traffic testing cycle were done. Stand alone results for each component and also its contribution applied in the system were measured, considering that the total benefit is not the algebraic sum of each one. The evaluated technologies and products are included in different subsystems in the vehicle managed by a hardware and software central module: High efficiency generators, energy recovery system, startstop, electronic controlled high efficiency engine cooling module.
2010-36-0365 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Experimental Analysis of the Filter Element Influence in A/C System
Autoria: LEONARDO VINÍCIUS MENDES PEREIRA
Resumo: The study objective is to evaluate the thermal comfort and vehicle safety emphasizing on airconditioning system. Several aspects of automobiles thermal comfort are associated with security issues as the windows defogging and defrosting, and air quality inside the vehicle. For the automotive industry, constant air flow in the vehicle is the reason of continuous research on the improvement of the stream and quality of the air that reaches the occupants. This work presents flow bench and vehicle experimental tests results ass an evaluation of the possibilities of the filter element improvement, for the flow, air filtering and temperature adjustment optimization inside the vehicle. Comfort and safety evaluations were made by the air stream inside the vehicle and experimental tests in a climatic chamber. All the tests were made in the same vehicle. Local head losses were evaluated at the flow bench and the vehicle conditioning at the climatic chamber. The pressure inside the vehicle was analyzed during the flow variation, to ensure a comfortable condition for vehicle occupants.
2010-36-0369 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Gear Lever Sound Quality Evaluation
Autoria: BELISARIO NINA HUALLPA
Resumo: Vehicle sound quality has been become lately as one of the main topics of study in the automotive industry which is associated with the quality of the product. Into the automotive development the static operational sound quality is one of the attributes that is considered. The sounds produced through the manipulation of items like the doors and interior components (windows, seats, safety belts, windshield wipers, and others) generated for safety and warning purposes are items related to the vehicle quality for customers. Those sounds based on relative level of intensity, duration, harmony and degree of contribution are elements that the customer will retain in mind an overall quality impression. The sound produced during gear lever manipulation is important to the customer in order that the event should transmit low intensity and robust and soft impression. The purpose of this work is to evaluate this kind of event using binaural recordings inside the vehicle through subjective and objective evaluations. Psychoacoustic parameters (loudness, sharpness and roughness) and time – frequency spectrum (Wavelet transform) are proposed to correlate objective results with the subjective perception of gear lever sound quality.
2010-36-0373 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Constant Q Transform for Automotive NVH Signal Analysis
Autoria: BELISARIO NINA HUALLPA
Resumo: The constant Q transform consists of a geometrically spaced filter bank, which is close to the wavelet transform due to the feature of its increasing time resolution for high frequencies. On the other hand, it can be processed using the well-known FFT algorithm. In this sense, this tool is a middle term between Fourier and wavelet analyses, which can be used for stationary and non-stationary signals. Automotive NVH signals can be stationary (e.g. idle, cruise) or non-stationary, i.e., time-varying signals (e.g. door closing/opening, run-up, rundown). The objective of this work is to propose the use of the constant Q transform, developed originally for musical signal processing, for automotive NVH (run up, impact strip and door closing) time-frequency analyses. Also, similarities and differences of the proposed tool when compared with Fourier and wavelet analyses are addressed.
2010-36-0378 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: NOx Emission Index Simulation Based on Turbofan Engine Performance Model
Autoria: ARTHUR CHAMORRO FERREIRA
Resumo: This paper aims to apply an alternative methodology, called P3-T3 Method, in order to predict the NOx emissions level in turbofan engines, presented in [1] and used in the algorithm of the Gas Turbine performance simulation program, GasTurb. The chemical reactions of NOx generation are complex and involve several parameters whose direct determination through combustor chamber instrumentation becomes impractical. The GasTurb allows simulation of the NOx emission index in the design cycle of several engines in a single subroutine. It can be used also in off-design conditions. Therefore, the use of a simplified model that depends mainly on the combustor inlet pressure and temperature (P3 e T3), in the particular case of conventional combustors, allows the simulation of the NOx emission index of different manufactured engines with good reliability, as presented in [2].
2010-36-0378 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: NOx Emission Index Simulation Based on Turbofan Engine Performance Model
Autoria:
Resumo: This paper aims to apply an alternative methodology, called P3-T3 Method, in order to predict the NOx emissions level in turbofan engines, presented in [1] and used in the algorithm of the Gas Turbine performance simulation program, GasTurb. The chemical reactions of NOx generation are complex and involve several parameters whose direct determination through combustor chamber instrumentation becomes impractical. The GasTurb allows simulation of the NOx emission index in the design cycle of several engines in a single subroutine. It can be used also in off-design conditions. Therefore, the use of a simplified model that depends mainly on the combustor inlet pressure and temperature (P3 e T3), in the particular case of conventional combustors, allows the simulation of the NOx emission index of different manufactured engines with good reliability, as presented in [2].
2010-36-0379 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Performance of small stationary engines using blends of diesel fuel with biodiesel of soybean
Autoria: PAULO ROBERTO WANDER
Resumo: In this work an analysis of biodiesel fuel use in stationary engines was made through performance tests in dynamometer. In the tests, the characteristics of torque, power, specific consumption and smoke index were determined for two cylinders Diesel engines. Initially, the engines were tested working with Diesel, and then the tests were done with the engines working with Diesel and biodiesel mixtures specified by B25, B50, B75 and B100. The biodiesel used on the tests was of soy. The results show that the use of biodiesel is feasible, but with loss of power and torque when compared to pure diesel. For pure biodiesel (B100) at 3,000 rpm the power decrease was 4.03% while for B50 the decrease was 0.94%. The results for torque showed a similar behavior with a decrease of 4.08% for B100 and 0.93% for B50 at 3,000 rpm. The specific consumption increased, as expected, 12.25% for B100 and 5.44% for B50. However, the use of pure biodiesel (B100) reduced the smoke index (Bosch Scale) from 4.5 to 3.0 at the higher speed and from 2.7 to 1.1 at the lower speed. The results indicate that the performance for B50 blend is almost the same of pure diesel while the emissions are lower. The thermal efficiencies were estimated and the operation with diesel showed lower values than the biodiesel blends, indicating that biofuels are a good alternative for fossil fuels. Keywords: internal combustion engine, compression-ignition engine, Diesel cycle, biodiesel.
2010-36-0380 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Whe el Cover Affected by the Heat Generated in the Brake System
Autoria:
Resumo: A vehicle converts kinetic energy in heat through the brake system during a typical braking action. The friction between the "brake pad" and the brake disk surface is the physical mechanism that allows this completion of work. The brake disk attached parts are thermally affected by this generated heat. The generated heat flows through the brake disk attached parts, which are thermally affected. The heat flow can negatively affect these parts, specifically, the wheel cover. This article shows a comparative study between numerical simulation and physical test about the brake disk, evaluating heat effect on the wheel cover. The physical test allows previewing damage by excess of temperature on the wheel cover on the road common use of the vehicle. A computational model was developed using commercial software for calculate temperatures in this part based on the physical test. All computational parameters were adjusted trying to fit the computational results with the test results. This article shows a basic theory about the phenomena, a computational tool overview, a description of the test, a description of the computational model, a comparison between the computational results with the test results and future developments and expectative.
2010-36-0383 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: THE INFLUENCE OF LUBR ICITY (HFRR) AND CETANE NUMBER (CN) IN DIESE L ENGINES FOR MILITARY APPLICATION WITH USE OF COMBINATIONS OF FUELS (QAV1/DIESEL/BIODIESEL)
Autoria:
Resumo: In military operations always search the availability of equipment in adverse situations. The flexibility of operating on alternative fuels becomes every day a real need to be sought by all manufacturers who to provide for this segment of market. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the use of mixtures of jet fuel (QAV-1) + Diesel and Biodiesel in the operation of diesel engines monitoring the parameters lubricity HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) and cetane number fuel and also performance parameters. For this study, was used a diesel engine of 279 kW applied on a dynamometer.
2010-36-0383 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: THE INFLUENCE OF LUBR ICITY (HFRR) AND CETANE NUMBER (CN) IN DIESE L ENGINES FOR MILITARY APPLICATION WITH USE OF COMBINATIONS OF FUELS (QAV1/DIESEL/BIODIESEL)
Autoria: DIOGO DE MATOS TORRES E RODRIGUES
Resumo: In military operations always search the availability of equipment in adverse situations. The flexibility of operating on alternative fuels becomes every day a real need to be sought by all manufacturers who to provide for this segment of market. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the use of mixtures of jet fuel (QAV-1) + Diesel and Biodiesel in the operation of diesel engines monitoring the parameters lubricity HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) and cetane number fuel and also performance parameters. For this study, was used a diesel engine of 279 kW applied on a dynamometer. For lubricity was used the method HFRR according to the standard ASTM D6079 and for cetane number the results were obtained using ASTM D613. The results contributed to a better understanding of the physical-chemical properties of fuels tested and their contributions to the operation of diesel engines. Keywords: Lubricity (HFRR), Cetane Number (CN), Biodiesel, Diesel, jet fuel, QAV-1, alternative fuel, internal combustion engine.
2010-36-0386 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Actual Climatic Solicitation on a Vehicle Vs Test of Thermal Fatigue Carried out in Laboratory
Autoria:
Resumo: The main objective of this work is to study the influence of temperature and weather conditions on the thermal behavior of the plastic components of a vehicle considering several environmental conditions. It is intended to correlate and validate the solicitations currently reproduced in laboratory tests of thermal fatigue to real solicitations obtained in actual field. The developed methodology includes the evaluation of weather maps from several regions of Brazil to identify the critical conditions. The experimental planning comprehends the evaluation of the ambient temperature, the solar radiation and the temperature of the plastic parts, mounted inside and outside a vehicle.
2010-36-0387 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: An Application of dFmea in the Use of QFD and TRIZ for Component Mathematics Modeling to Virtual Durability Simulation
Autoria: SILAS LUIS SARTORI PASCHOAL DA SILVA ROSA
Resumo: It is presented an improvement to the article “The Use of QFD and TRIZ for Component Mathematics Modeling to Virtual Durability Simulation” (SAE_2008: 2008-36-0101), where dFmea is used to improve QFD (Quality Function Deployment) and the TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) for assisting professionals of CAE in the design components in the computational simulation of durability. In additional we will apply the p-diagram, data flow diagram, boundary diagram and robustness and reliability checklist concepts. The method used to optimize the durability computational simulation component searches to apply the dFmea concept tool of project of the QFD and the TRIZ. The considered method was used to optimize and to assist the product project.
2010-36-0390 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: New Vehicles Cabin Indoor Air Quality
Autoria: AUZEBIO VALVASSORI FILHO
Resumo: New motor vehicles cabins may be critical when considering the indoor air quality, because concentrations of volatile organic compounds are at levels higher than the outdoors. Certain substances present in the cabin air can be harmful to humans according to their toxicity. Assessment of the cabin air becomes necessary. In this study, cabin air quality was assessed and 7 standard popular new vehicles containing same interior trim materials were evaluated. A total of 46 volatile organic compounds were identified, with 14 carbonylic compounds and 32 with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and a nitrogenated compound. The carbonylic compounds were identified and quantified by the liquid chromatography and other VOCs only identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. [1]
2010-36-0391 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: Friction Torque Parameters Evaluation Applying Design of Experiments Methodology
Autoria: THIAGO CAETANO DE FREITAS
Resumo: Each year more strict laws and regulations concern the environmental impact of green house gases of general vehicles. Hence, any step taken towards a systemic efficiency increase of internal combustion engines and power-trains revels great a deal of emission reduction downstream the fuel consumption chain. Most of such mechanical systems depend on friction reduction elements, such as special low-friction coats and rolling element bearings, even so there is still some power loss on these components. In order to reduce such losses due to friction, in other words increasing the component’s efficiency, this work applies the Design of Experiments - DoE methodology along with the frictional torque simulation in an automotive application to asses the effects of the variables and its interactions involved in the friction torque theory. For simulation studies a Response Surface Design is generated and Box-Behnken Design is carried out. Based on the results an optimal level of factors is found for the friction torque reduction.
2010-36-0393 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: Fuel consumption optimization during cruise for a commercial regional jet
Autoria: DANIEL DREWIACKI
Resumo: The purpose of this work is to compare Cruise Autopilot based on Altitude-Hold integrated with Autothrottle Controller with the one based on TECS (Total Energy Control System) algorithm, in order to compare which is more efficient on fuel consumption during Cruise flight phase for a commercial regional jet. Simulations with wind shear and turbulence are made in order to make such comparison, for both fuel optimization and controllability aspects. Optimization is made by an algorithm written in MATLAB that minimizes an ITAE index. Simulations are made with Simulink®. There were also considered phase margin and gain margin requirements for this design.
2010-36-0394 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: The innovation in the of product development process context between car manufacturer and supplier
Autoria: JULIANA ROSSI PEREIRA ROCHA
Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produto entre montadora de veículos e fornecedor e verificar quais os meios de inovação que ocorrem na prática. Para atingir este objetivo, foram realizadas pesquisas com fornecedores de autopeças, através de questionário semi-estruturado e entrevistas presenciais abordando questões relativas ao gerenciamento da inovação dentro do processo de desenvolvimento de produto. A partir desta pesquisa será possível observar quais os contextos onde se desenvolve inovação no produto, no processo, e até mesmo em ambos. Será ainda possível verificar como o fornecedor consegue participar desta inovação. A pesquisa sugere que existem possibilidades de atuação em inovação tanto no produto como no processo. Porém, existe maior facilidade para o fornecedor em inovar em tecnologias ou materiais contidos em produtos black box, dentro dos aspectos que estão sob sua responsabilidade. Isso porque, a maior parte das definições fundamentais e estratégicas sobre o produto são tomadas pela montadora antes mesmo da definição do fornecedor. A pesquisa mostra ainda que algumas dificuldades como atrasos no cronograma ou dificuldades da montadora em absorver e gerir novas idéias podem inibir a incorporação de inovações.
2010-36-0395 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Manufatura
Título do Paper: WEAR OF COATED HIGH-SPEED-STEEL MILL IN THE MACHINING WITH MINIMAL QUANTITY OF LUBRICANT
Autoria:
Resumo: The milling process is one of the most important machining processes when it comes to the manufacture of molds and dies. The aspects such as high rate of material removal, as well as being a process with great flexibility, grant the milling a great employment in the industry. It’s known that the mill’s life state have direct effect in the mold’s life. The effect of the interrupted cut, the friction between the workpiece and the tool, induce to an increase of the tool’s wear. An almost dry condition, such as the application of MQL, has proven to decrease the friction, which leads to an increase of the tool’s life. Also, using a coating film helps to increase the tool’s life, by providing a higher mechanical resistance. In this context, this work presents a wear analysis of HSS AISI M2 mills coated with titanium nitride (TiN) in the machining with minimal quantity of lubricant (MQL). The cutting parameter varied was the axial depth of cut (ap), although the cutting speed was kept constant at 50 m/min. Thus the objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms and types of wear with the change of the cutting parameter.
2010-36-0396 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: The Use of a Simply Vibration Analysis Meth od for Optimization of Vibration Damping Material in Vehicle Panels
Autoria: ISAIAS FERREIRA DA SILVA
Resumo: With the use of common office software a simplified vibration analysis method is implemented. This method makes possible a quick evaluation of the data obtained with structural dynamics testing measurements, showing the maximum values of Frequency Response Functions (FRF) and a spatial graphic representation for these maximums; with this the regions of strong vibrations are identified. The dimensions and placement of the damping material to be applied in a metallic panel is defined based in the identification of these regions of maximum vibration. Successive tests can be quickly carried out with this method, making possible to achieve the better solution for elected frequencies. The application of this methodology in the optimization of damping material placement in vehicle doors results in a considerable enhancement in closing door noise.
2010-36-0398 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Efficient Ethanol Engines in Agricultural Aviation
Autoria: ROBERTO BEGNIS HAUSEN
Resumo: The aim of this paper is to show that the gains, technical and/or economical, from the use of ethanol as fuel in agricultural aviation may be even greater if the aircraft engine is specially designed for that purpose. A specific design is also necessary if it is intended to achieve a truly “green” engine, neutral regarding carbon emissions. Using available technologies, computational tools, development methods and project management methods (Reference Model for Agricultural Machinery Development Process (RM-AMDP), the engine can be fully developed to be used specifically as an agricultural aircraft propellant operating with ethanol. In Brazil, the current fleet of agricultural airplanes has around 1500 aircrafts and almost all operating with AvGas (Aviation Gasoline). There is already in Brazil a “green” airplane, manufactured by Neiva, a subsidiary of the aircraft manufacturer Embraer. This model uses a conversion kit on the original engine to use ethanol as fuel. The use of ethanol has great technical and economical feasibility when compared to AvGas, even with the low efficiency of the current application. Operational improvement and gains with cost reduction can be already observed. However, with a specific engine design those gains could be more expressive due to increased fuel efficiency and power.
2010-36-0400 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ensaios
Título do Paper: Testing of agricultural tractors: Dynamic methods for evaluation of performance and specific's fuel cost
Autoria:
Resumo: Os ensaios dinâmicos de tratores agrícolas são primordialmente necessários em virtude da necessidade de conhecimentos acerca destes em seu principal meio de trabalho, o solo. Considerando isto, elaborou-se uma síntese sobre os métodos adotados para avaliação de desempenho, consumo e custo de combustível desta importante máquina, a qual é considerada a principal fonte móvel de potência no meio agrícola. O desenvolvimento do trabalho se baseou nos principais fatores ligados ao desempenho e custo do trator: instrumentação, normas, velocidade de deslocamento, patinamento das rodas motrizes, força, potência e rendimento na barra de tração, eficiência operacional, consumo e custo de combustível. Para estes foram abordadas os principais modelos matemáticos capazes de representar valores e fornecer resultados sobre o desempenho dinâmico de tratores agrícolas e o custo de combustível.
2010-36-0407 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Proposal of Aldehydes Measuring Methods for Light and Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles
Autoria:
Resumo: In 2005, it was published a paper in Brazil reporting significant values of aldehydes emissions for some old Brazilian diesel SUVs (Sport Utility Vehicles). In 2008, PETROBRAS (Brazilian Oil Company) together with LACTEC (Institute of Technology for Development) decided to study methods for measuring aldehydes from diesel vehicles, including SUVs and heavy duty engines. In 2008, National Environmental Council (CONAMA) published legislation 408/08, establishing that IBAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Institute) must provide a procedure for aldehyde measurement at the end of December 2010 and that engine manufacturers must report typical aldehyde emission values of diesel vehicles before the end of December 2012. A technical group was created in 2009 by the Brazilian Automotive Engineering Association (AEA) to discuss and elaborate a new method for aldehyde measurement in diesel vehicles and heavy duty engines. The new procedure must be published before the end of 2010. This paper will present a bibliography review of aldehyde formation in diesel vehicles and will show some proposal methods studied by PETROBRAS and LACTEC to measure these pollutants, including the use of HPLC (High Performance liquid Chromatograph) and FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed Analyzer).
2010-36-0407 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Proposal of Aldehydes Measuring Methods for Light and Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles
Autoria: TADEU CAVALCANTE CORDEIRO DE MELO
Resumo: In 2005, it was published a paper in Brazil reporting significant values of aldehydes emissions for some old Brazilian diesel SUVs (Sport Utility Vehicles). In 2008, PETROBRAS (Brazilian Oil Company) together with LACTEC (Institute of Technology for Development) decided to study methods for measuring aldehydes from diesel vehicles, including SUVs and heavy duty engines. In 2008, National Environmental Council (CONAMA) published legislation 408/08, establishing that IBAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Institute) must provide a procedure for aldehyde measurement at the end of December 2010 and that engine manufacturers must report typical aldehyde emission values of diesel vehicles before the end of December 2012. A technical group was created in 2009 by the Brazilian Automotive Engineering Association (AEA) to discuss and elaborate a new method for aldehyde measurement in diesel vehicles and heavy duty engines. The new procedure must be published before the end of 2010. This paper will present a bibliography review of aldehyde formation in diesel vehicles and will show some proposal methods studied by PETROBRAS and LACTEC to measure these pollutants, including the use of HPLC (High Performance liquid Chromatograph) and FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed Analyzer).
2010-36-0410 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: Topolo gical Study for Weight Reduction of Components in Automotive Transmissions
Autoria: ARTHUR CAIO AMARANTE COSTA PAULINO
Resumo: The actual needs of weight and CO2 emissions reduction on vehicles stimulate the development of compact and lightweight solutions for new applications. In order to obtain lighter solutions, it is necessary to break some paradigms. The proposal of this work is to demonstrate a method of an effective weight reduction on components of automotive transmissions. The study will be based on the optimization. The goal of this study is to demonstrate clearly and objectively the weight reduction of transmission components without jeopardizing the capacity of the load and the life by fatigue of the component, in other words, without concerns on the functionality and the efficiency of the transmission system as a whole.
2010-36-0412 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Automotive Transmissions
Autoria: LUIS CARLOS MONTEIRO SALES
Resumo: The increasing number of flex fuel vehicles using pure or mainly ethanol when mixed with gasoline led to a necessity of an auxiliary cold start system. These systems are based on introducing gasoline during the engine’s cold phase. The researches lead to find an alternative to avoid using gasoline at cold start systems. This works presents a numerical analysis of the flow and heat transfer in a cold start system, using computational fluid dynamics. A prototypal vehicle was used to validate the simulations. The tests were done at controlled ambient temperatures: 0ºC for cold start measurements and 25ºC at chassis dynamometer to run the FTP75 emission cycle. The numerical data were validated and the results shown the possibility to get a temperature high enough to assure fuel combustion with emissions benefits. Key-words: Ethanol; Cold Start; Emissions; Fuel Injection, Internal Combustion Engine; Experimental Method; Numerical Method; Flex Fuel Engine; Emissions.
2010-36-0412I || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Emissões
Título do Paper: Automotive Transmissions
Autoria:
Resumo: The increasing number of flex fuel vehicles using pure or mainly ethanol when mixed with gasoline led to a necessity of an auxiliary cold start system. These systems are based on introducing gasoline during the engine’s cold phase. The researches lead to find an alternative to avoid using gasoline at cold start systems. This works presents a numerical analysis of the flow and heat transfer in a cold start system, using computational fluid dynamics. A prototypal vehicle was used to validate the simulations. The tests were done at controlled ambient temperatures: 0ºC for cold start measurements and 25ºC at chassis dynamometer to run the FTP75 emission cycle. The numerical data were validated and the results shown the possibility to get a temperature high enough to assure fuel combustion with emissions benefits. Key-words: Ethanol; Cold Start; Emissions; Fuel Injection, Internal Combustion Engine; Experimental Method; Numerical Method; Flex Fuel Engine; Emissions.
2010-36-0413 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Technical and economic considerations in development design of bumper fascias of passenger vehicles in the automotive industry
Autoria: GUIDO MUZIO CANDIDO
Resumo: The aim of this paper is to present the technical and economic considerations in the development of projects of front and rear bumpers fascias for passenger vehicles in the automotive industry. Regarding to the technical issues addressed, there are: choice of the raw material, viable criteria of style surface and engineering, thermoplastic injection criteria, structural analysis, feasibility of assembly on the factory and after-sale, fixation concepts and many others. Regarding to the economical context, were evaluated: project and production costs, reparability costs, shock parking, components lifetime and communization. Based on the experience in previous projects and on the scientific literature, and applying the considerations presented, alternative ways of conducting bumper development projects are proposed. In this context, this paper aims to present a practical example of the application of this proposal, in current production line vehicle, exploring its main technical and economical impacts.
2010-36-0414 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Veículos
Título do Paper: Comparison Study between Scroll and Fixed Piston Type
Autoria: AILSON DA SILVA MARQUES
Resumo: The main target of this article is presenting the technical differences, advantages and disadvantages between the fixed piston and "scroll" type of automotive compressors. In this paper we will also present some test results using procedures and parameters applied in automotive industry. Scroll concept is been available for over than 100 years, even though the technology applied today had been developed on the 70’s. This technology is applied on vehicle 2 air-conditioning and cooling system. The scroll concept brings us the more soundless, reliable and efficient compressors than the fixed concept. The greatest differences between both compressors are on the internal components and its pulley which in the scroll type is usually smaller. The pulley for itself already presents us a weight reduction. These characteristics may lead us to a better fuel economy, as long as it requires less engine power and torque than the fixed piston compressor; vibration and noise are also considered on this article. Another mentioned characteristic by the authors refers to the performance improvement that can be gained with the scroll compressor, especially on high rotation. These are the main topics we shall bring on this article, by using real test data and evaluation made on the past for better understanding.
2010-36-0418 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Mini Fuel Rail - An Option for Cold Start System
Autoria: GUILHERME HENRIQUE MAYER ALEGRE
Resumo: The physical properties of ethanol make difficult the cold start of engines using only this fuel. The solution most adopted consists in the utilization of an auxiliary gasoline reservoir and the injection of this fuel when it is necessary. In this work, it is presented a new concept for the cold start system using gasoline injection that consisted in the use of a mini fuel rail, so called because of its compact layout that through the use of calibrated orifices allows the fuel injection as jets directly in the admission valves. It presents the CFD simulations, conducted to improve the system performance and the bench laboratory tests performed to evaluate the fuel distribution and to analyze the fuel jets.
2010-36-0425 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Aeroespacial
Título do Paper: The Effects of Initial Offset Errors on Clock Synchronization of Networked Control Systems
Autoria: Eloy Martins de Oliveira Junior
Resumo: Complex systems such as satellites, aircrafts, automobiles and traffic controls are becoming increasingly complex and/or highly integrated as prescribed by the SAE-ARP-4754 Standard. Such systems integrate computers and communications with real time distributed control systems among other key technologies. In these systems, the time requirements should be followed strictly and with great precision, creating the need to work with high-precision clocks in a synchronized way to achieve a good time management. This paper analyzes the effects of initial offset errors on clock synchronization of networked control systems. To do so it uses a FTM (Fault-Tolerant Mid-Point) algorithm, where one of the nodes of a networked control system is with an offset error in its clock. The offset error generates an initial delay that affects the clock synchronization, and then, the communication and control. The objective is to analyze how the networked control system is affected by the imperfection of the clock; and how the offset error degrades the clock synchronization and the control law. The FTM algorithm is fault tolerant and each node reads the value of the clock of the other nodes in the network and estimates the drift of the clocks by a convergence function. In this paper, two control loops sharing the same databus in a network were simulated. Each control loop has a sensor, a controller and an actuator/plant. The nodes of the control loops use the FTM algorithm to synchronize the clocks of the nodes on the network. We used two philosophies of communication protocols to compare the results: one is a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and other is a CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). The plant used is an electrical/hydraulic actuator of second order controlled by a PID (Proportional, Integral, and Derivative) controller. For this we used the TrueTime toolbox, based on Matlab/Simulink, to simulate the networked control systems and to synchronize the nodes using the FTM algorithm. The preliminary results suggest that: networked control systems using TDMA are more susceptible to errors of clocks in the presence of offset errors than the CSMA/CD; and that in the TDMA philosophy the fault in the time management can turn the control laws temporarily open.
2010-36-0426 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Analysis of a radiator fan bracket of a Diesel engine using multi-body method
Autoria: GUSTAVO SOUZA MIQUELETTI
Resumo: The components attached to the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine are under variable cyclic loads due to the engine cycle, combustion forces and pistons and conrods reciprocating movements, and the description of the forces is important to the right development of rotating components. The multi-body method is largely used in the automotive industry to obtain loads where dynamic effects are involved. The high costs and difficulty involved in obtaining experimental data of this kind of loads are the main reason of using this method. This way, the multi-body method is an important tool in the project of rotating components. The objective of this work is to show a calculation methodology using the multi-body method to obtain the stresses on a Diesel engine radiator fan bracket under the crankshaft torsional vibration and other acting loads. The virtual analysis of this component and its correlation with the experimental model allows the method validation, leading to development costs and time reduction.
2010-36-0434 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Meio-Ambiente
Título do Paper: The Recycling Potential of Brazilian Vehicles
Autoria: MARCIO LAZZARI
Resumo: Brazil has a fleet with more than 30 million vehicles of combustion engine, lights and rides, riding for all territory, with a rate of 2 million sold per year. With this increased of fleet, specially from the end of 1990s, promoted principally by automobile factories that had come to Brazil and by circumstantial changes on the internal economy, some problems happened. The main problems are mobility difficulties on large cities (as traffic jams) and the environmental impacts (resources depletion, climate changes, issues of green house effect gases, air pollution, acidification, waste generation, among others). Beyond that, in function of an inexistent national program and an undefined and unclear policy, there are uncountable (and potential) number of vehicles that could be sent to recycling processes, contributing to closed looping as raw material of new vehicles. In according to this perception, this paper aims to provide information related to the main vehicles parts and components in end-of-life that can be inserted in a closed loop model fromreverse manufacturing practices. This information can contribute to the traceability and recycling components, for generation of new qualifications and for the ecodesign of new vehicles, beyond that contribute to the more eco-effective sustainable development of the Brazilian automotive industry. key-words: Vehicle in end-of-life, reverse manufacturing, closed looping, recycled materials, automotive Ecodesign.
2010-36-0440 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Case of simple detection tool to decrease the defects during the production and complaint from customers
Autoria: JEAN RESENDE
Resumo: The objective of this paper is show the effects and benefits in application of a simple quality tool, that have the goal to avoid defects during the production in industrial process, as well as, non conformance products in the customer. This tool was originally designed since the primary of serial production, mainly in automotive industry. Besides being a basic appliance and almost adopted in all productive process, nevertheless the Japanese industries give a difference focus for this concept, so as to take advantage. Current, almost of companies use this tooling, but with different names, concepts and mainly focus, soon the results are different. The main objective of this tooling is segregates internally all defected products, hasten the decision-making; thereby reduce costs from problems of process, so generating competitive advantage. To identify and qualify the benefits achieved in this case were used index able to measure the quality process performance, thus analyzing the results before and after implementation this tool. All results achieved shows earnings when company applies this tool, even the implementation was not finished by the company in study. Key words: Detective tool, Effects and benefits, Competitive Advantage.
2010-36-0444 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Evaluation of the capabilities of the process - a differentiated proposal for analysis
Autoria: CHRISTIANE BISCHOF DOS SANTOS
Resumo: The study of the variability in the manufacture is essential when evaluating quality in the production. All of the processes present an inherent variability during normal cycle of production. The variability of the process is usually measured with the indexes of process capability, typically Cp and Cpk. To determine them, the variation is compared from the process to the specification of tolerance. The method of critical analysis of capabilities, however, is not always the most appropriate for the definition of the best improvement actions. The monthly evaluation of the capability value considering a certain group of data taken in one month can present a totally adverse situation when these data consider the cumulative values of six or more previous months. This article seeks the presentation of a model for analysis of calculated capability using a cumulative and punctual data in relation to the time for a same process. The comparative analysis among these values provides quite solid subsidies for the appropriate definition of actions, because it focuses in a differentiated way, processes continually no capable and processes momentarily no capable. It also provides information regarding negative trends and highly capable processes (accumulated cpk > 2,00 - without negative trends).
2010-36-0448 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Transfer Path Analysis of Road Noise: Overview and customized approaches for road rumble noise
Autoria: CÉSAR HELOU TEODORO DA SILVA
Resumo: The purpose of this paper is to experimentally analyze structural-borne contributions of noise, vibration and harshness during tire rolling, also called Road NVH, in a passenger vehicle using energy transfer path analysis method (TPA), applied in a case study. During the investigation, the influences of the accelerations and forces through the A-arm front suspension bushings are highlighted due their contribution to the estimated overall interior noise, which is correlated to measured overall interior noise. The structural contribution begins as a direct result of tire vibration from surface interactions. These mechanical vibrations, mainly below 450 Hz, are transmitted to all chassis and body subsystems, resulting into noise and vibration perceived by the passengers in the cabin interior. This study is motivated by improvements in Powertrain NVH and Wind Noise, which unbalance Road NVH on various conditions. Thus, when seeking the refinement of tactile, psycho-acoustic and dynamic comfort, motivated by the market that requires increasingly lighter vehicles, with less environmental impact, low cost and high quality, it is necessary to develop the concepts of the entire chassis, hard points and body to optimize dynamic performance ratio versus NVH sources balance.
2010-36-0455 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: FPS –FrictionPadSystem
Autoria: FABIANO TEBAR PALHARES
Resumo: The synchronization system was created with the intention to make easy the gear engaging in automotive transmissions. The speed difference of the shafts is reduced during the gearshift operation by means of sliding friction of the synchronizer rings. The constant friction performance can be improved and the wear can be simultaneously reduced either by additives in the oil of the transmission or by careful selection of the friction material for the synchronizer rings. Nowadays, brass or steel meet the requirement of both friction surface and resistance on the driving lugs. The friction coefficient of the surface can be increased by scatter sintered coatings, molybdenum or carbon linings that are joined to the carrier material using complex manufacturing processes. A new concept transforms this continuous friction lining into many single friction elements that are guided by “pockets” in the synchronizer ring. These “friction lining pads” require less material than the conventional solution (steel and friction compound) which leads to a reduction in the overall weight, especially in cases where non-metallic friction material is used. This increases the efficiency by equal performance and reduced drag torque, and also reduces the losses in the gearbox which is a benefit for fuel-saving drive trains. In addition, the material of the carrier supports higher mechanical stresses, because steel is used instead of brass. Also materials characterized by excellent friction properties when used as friction linings can be chosen. In theory almost every material can be used as friction pads, such as the already proven scatter sintered coatings or any combination of materials. Optimum friction elements for such systems include pads made with nonmetallic materials, as various resins containing friction modifiers or pads from known brass alloys.
2010-36-0458 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Control of Airborne Road Noise Using Sealers
Autoria: TÉO LENQUIST DA ROCHA
Resumo: Noise generated during tire/road interaction has significant impact on the acoustic comfort of a vehicle. One of the most common approaches to attenuate road noise levels consists on the addition of mass treatments to the vehicle panels. However, the acoustic performance of sealing elements is also relevant and has an important contribution to the noise transmission into the vehicle interior. In this paper the correct balance between the mass added to treat vehicle panels and sealing content is investigated. The procedure to quantify the critical road noise transmission paths consists of recording interior noise levels as applied treatment is removed from potential weak areas, such as wheelhouses, floor, doors and body pillars. It is observed the noise propagation through body pillars has a direct influence on road noise levels. In this case, the use of acoustic sealers placed in the body pillar sections can reduce noise transmission particularly at high frequencies leading to the achievement of desired vehicle acoustic comfort levels.
2010-36-0459 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Qualidade e Produtividade
Título do Paper: Problem Resolution Process
Autoria: MARCUS COLETTA
Resumo: In the automotive industry, 8D has been used for many years as the main tool to analyze and solve Quality claims. Due to the complexity of global products manufactured in a global supply chain, a high number of recalls and recurrences problems appeared. Applying Six Sigma skills developed a new methodology that has enhanced the capability to solve problems and avoid reoccurrence. The proposal of this paper is to introduce this methodology to the automotive industry as well as the main benefits and achievements that were reached.
2010-36-0460 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Limits of the CAN protocol (Controller Area Network) for applications that require high reliability of time.
Autoria:
Resumo: The CAN has several inherent characteristics that are more appropriate for automotive applications. In this work, It will be highlighted some of those characteristics applied to systems that require a very high level of reliability. It is presented two case studies, one to analyze the general characteristics of operation of the CAN network in a electronic distributed architecture of a vehicle for various configurations, whose busload is amended by modifying the time of transmission of some messages, and another study to verify the behavior of a control system in closed loop on the network, focusing on the impact of the delay time in the network.
2010-36-0460 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: Limits of the CAN protocol (Controller Area Network) for applications that require high reliability of time
Autoria: KLEBER NOGUEIRA HODEL
Resumo: The CAN has several inherent characteristics that are more appropriate for automotive applications. In this work, It will be highlighted some of those characteristics applied to systems that require a very high level of reliability. It is presented two case studies, one to analyze the general characteristics of operation of the CAN network in a electronic distributed architecture of a vehicle for various configurations, whose busload is amended by modifying the time of transmission of some messages, and another study to verify the behavior of a control system in closed loop on the network, focusing on the impact of the delay time in the network.
2010-36-0466 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Manufatura
Título do Paper: Quality improvement directly on the production floor
Autoria:
Resumo: Over the past year, commercial vehicle manufacturers have already taken numerous measures to adapt to the economic turmoil, by laying-off of temporary workers, reducing shifts and cutting back working hours among other steps. Soon, further-reaching measures may have to be taken to adjust to lower output levels. “The commercial vehicle industry is facing the prospect of having to make fundamental changes to its operations”, according ACEA - European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (2009). Because of these facts the automobile world is each day more interested in Toyota industry development, while European and American automobile industry are in decadence, Toyota had accumulated profits every year during ten years until 2007. The Toyota wastes reducing methods, productivity and quality finished imposing his production administration system to the worldwide automobile industries. One big difference between occidental thinks’ and Toyota production system, is that they works strongly inside people management, teaching the employees to solve small problems, avoiding in this way the big ones, increasing the final product quality. In this paper, will be presented a real case of quality improvement applied directly on production floor in an automobile Brazilian industry. The studied company, manufactured this specific vehicle model in Brazil to be exported to Europe Keywords Automobile industry, quality, rework reduction, quality improvement, top ten problems, Pre-delivery inspection. Paper type Case of study
2010-36-0469 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Experimental Investigation of Different Hydrous Ethanol- Gasoline Blends on a Flex-Fuel Engine
Autoria: TADEU CAVALCANTE CORDEIRO DE MELO
Resumo: In Brazilian market, Flex-Fuel vehicles represented over 90% of new light duty vehicles sold in 2009. These vehicles can use gasoline blended with anhydrous ethanol (20 to 25% v/v ), 100% of hydrous ethanol (contains from 6,2 to 7,4% w/w of water) or any blend of these fuels. An experimental investigation was done to study fuel consumption, emissions and in cylinder pressure data of a Flex-Fuel Otto engine, 1.4 L, 4 cylinders. It was used gasoline with 22% of anhydrous ethanol as a reference fuel (E22). E22 was blended with different hydrous ethanol contents such as 50% (H50) and 80% (H80), also a 100% hydrous ethanol H100) was used. The main fuel properties were analyzed as part of this work. To control the engine operation, a programmable ECU (Engine Control Unit) was used, allowing spark timing calibration either for maximum break torque (MBT) or to keep the engine below the knocking limit. Operating conditions included partial load with stoichiometric air fuel ratio, and high load with rich mixture for four different engine speed conditions. In-cylinder pressure data was analyzed by using a special data acquisition system and a piezoelectric pressure sensor installed on the spark plug. Some combustion characteristics, such as combustion duration, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and others were calculated based on in-cylinder pressure curve data. Test results were handled by the STATISTICA® software that calculated different regression curves for each output variable, based on torque, speed and ethanol content.
2010-36-0469 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Combustíveis e Lubrificantes
Título do Paper: Experimental Investigation of Different Hydrous Ethanol- Gasoline Blends on a Flex-Fuel Engine
Autoria:
Resumo: In Brazilian market, Flex-Fuel vehicles represented over 90% of new light duty vehicles sold in 2009. These vehicles can use gasoline blended with anhydrous ethanol (20 to 25% v/v ), 100% of hydrous ethanol (contains from 6,2 to 7,4% w/w of water) or any blend of these fuels. An experimental investigation was done to study fuel consumption, emissions and in cylinder pressure data of a Flex-Fuel Otto engine, 1.4 L, 4 cylinders. It was used gasoline with 22% of anhydrous ethanol as a reference fuel (E22). E22 was blended with different hydrous ethanol contents such as 50% (H50) and 80% (H80), also a 100% hydrous ethanol H100) was used. The main fuel properties were analyzed as part of this work. To control the engine operation, a programmable ECU (Engine Control Unit) was used, allowing spark timing calibration either for maximum break torque (MBT) or to keep the engine below the knocking limit.
2010-36-0471 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: An innovative solution to assembly conical roller bearings on wheel hubs
Autoria: PAULO CESAR SIGOLI
Resumo: High axial loads applied on conical roller bearings can lock the wheel hub after the fastener assembling. This assembly can be made, nowadays, using a castle nut plus a cotter pin or by plastic deformation of the nut to prevent its release. This procedure involves many components for the assembling, restrict its reuse, add extra costs, and provide possible failures during the assembling line or during the future maintenance. This work proposes to demonstrate the development of an efficient and easy system to mount wheel hubs on lines and later to assure maintenance without jeopardizing the efficiency and the functionality of the tapered roller bearing.
2010-36-0472 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Projetos
Título do Paper: Theoretical and practical studies for designing the effective length of threaded fasteners, considering the applied torque on the joint
Autoria: PAULO CESAR SIGOLI
Resumo: The effective length of screwed fasteners, regarding its correlation between safety assembling and production issues, has always been an open question for designers of fastening system. This work presents a real case of dimensioning one wheel nut according to theoretical and practical tests in order to guarantee a safe assembling. The objective of this study is to validate the geometric dimensioning of metric threads and their applications under real conditions.
2010-36-0473 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Ruídos e Ergonomia
Título do Paper: Development of Unified Exhaust System Supported by CAE Software
Autoria: ANDERSON RICARDO GOMES DE OLIVEIRA
Resumo: In spite of the changes in vehicle performance, one of the current challenges is to get components applicable to different vehicles with no changes in the project. Simulations made with specific numerical programs enable this process of unifying components, for different platforms, to be applied to the exhaust system. The projects proposed, based on the results obtained with the simulation programs, were tested experimentally. It was proven that the results of the simulation proposals correlated to the experimental results. This ultimately provided simplification to the project, with gains in logistics and productivity. Besides the technological process involved, possibilities to reduce costs can also be considered.
2010-36-0475 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: A GTEM Design for EMC-EMI/EMS Pre-Compliance Tests on Automotive Electronic Boards
Autoria:
Resumo: This work describes the design and simulation of a GTEM - Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic chamber. The GTEM is intended to be used for EMC-EMI/EMS pre-compliance tests on automotive electronic boards and integrated circuits. The physical conception chamber is shown for a range from 500 MHz – 18 GHz. As a crucial step in the design, the APEX (match between RF excitation and the body of the chamber) is minutely shown. The structure designed has significant advantages over the conventional available, mainly in economic terms and on the operational frequency range.
2010-36-0475 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Eletro-Eletrônica e Eletrônica Embracarda
Título do Paper: A GTEM Design for EMC-EMI/EMS Pre-Compliance Tests on Automotive Electronic Boards
Autoria: HUMBERTO XAVIER DE ARAÚJO
Resumo: This work describes the design and simulation of a GTEM - Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic chamber. The GTEM is intended to be used for EMC-EMI/EMS pre-compliance tests on automotive electronic boards and integrated circuits. The physical conception chamber is shown for a range from 500 MHz – 18 GHz. As a crucial step in the design, the APEX (match between RF excitation and the body of the chamber) is minutely shown. The structure designed has significant advantages over the conventional available, mainly in economic terms and on the operational frequency range.
2010-36-0478 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Potential of exhaust energy use for charge air cooling in supercharged diesel engines
Autoria: KADUNIC, SAMIR
Resumo: A rough estimate of the energy components in internal combustion engines for motor vehicles indicates that the total fuel energy is converted to one-third each into mechanical energy, engine coolant heat and exhaust energy. This large share of waste heat in the exhaust motivates various attempts to recover the remaining exergy in the exhaust. Intensifying charge air cooling by an exhaust heat driven cooling system provides a promising approach to engine waste heat recovery. The exhaust energy is most suitable for this recovery effort due to its higher temperature level in comparison to engine coolant. A further decreasing of charge air temperature provides an additional degree of freedom, which expands the boundaries concerning engine application. In diesel engines, this intensified charge air cooling decreases cylinder temperature level, which can be used to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions in the raw exhaust at constant brake efficiency or vice versa to improve brake efficiency at constant nitrogen oxide emissions. Simulation results from the diesel engine described in this paper show a decrease of nitrogen oxide emission up to 37 % at constant brake efficiency. Leaving the level of nitrogen oxide emissions unchanged led to an increase of the brake efficiency up to 4.7 %.
2010-36-0479 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Transmissões
Título do Paper: PROSPECTS for FUTURE 4WD and AWD DEVELOPMENTS for PICK UPS, SUVs and PASSENGER CARS in BRAZIL
Autoria: DEMETRIO VETTORAZZO NETO
Resumo: The purpose of this paper is to present the origins and the technology of the different types of AWD (All Wheel Drive) and 4WD (Four Wheel Drive) systems currently available and the wide potential to incorporate such technologies to the vehicles made in Brazil. In the Brazilian market the 4WD and AWD vehicle options are available only on expensive pick ups and imported SUVs, which include only a small part of the total market. Conversely, there are a large number of 4WD & AWD technologies available in developed markets that are not currently available in the South American markets. Most South American consumers regard vehicles with 4WD/AWD systems as off-road vehicles to be driven in the country side, in an off-road environment. These markets still don`t have a clear understanding of the differences between 4WD and AWD, and the benefits of each. This paper will describe the concepts, the architecture and the operations of such systems and point out the correct application of each ones. Some of these systems are more adequate for off-road usages while others are more focused on safety on slippery roads. Others are designed to enhance the driveability and vehicle control. On the other hand there are 4WD systems that are more efficient for commercial vehicles while others are more adequate for city traffic passenger cars. This paper will also encompass the main components that constitute the 4WD and AWD system and the interface of such systems with Engine Management Strategy, Transmission Management, ABS, Traction Control and Stability Control in order to provide more safety, performance and low fuel consumption. The paper will also present and explain low cost AWD system such as the PTU (Power Transfer Unit) usually applied at cross over vehicles and passenger cars. The cutting edge in AWD Technology, the Torque Vectoring, will also be presented. The message of this paper is to point out the large array of new 4WD and AWD technologies currently available on developed markets and the great potential we have to bring these technologies to the car makers in Brazil for the benefit of the customer and the Brazilian economy.
2010-36-0480 || Ano de publicação: 2010
Categoria: Motores
Título do Paper: Innovative product developments in the area of the valvetrain system for CO2 reduction of modern internal combustion engines
Autoria: MATTHIAS BECHTOLD
Resumo: Focus of today’s product development in the area of combustion engines is besides the cost reduction also the introduction of friction reduction and lightweight solutions. Through innovative design and use of new materials, future functional and lightweight components can be successfully realized. Intelligent solutions in the field of coatings and the local integration of needle bearings can reduce engine losses on new generation of combustion engines drastically. This work aims to present new and innovative solutions that can be successfully implemented in the valve train/cylinder head system of modern internal combustion engines.